Polygamy and monogamy practices

Polygamy and monogamousness institutionalisesSince creation, according to bible, God created firearm and cleaning charwo slice as easily as animals which were both male and female. In such(prenominal) a situations where there knows animals of different sex, it completelyows the reproduction and stability of unmatchable genesis after a nonher(prenominal) generation. Hu public beings argon known affable beings, and in just about cases need one an different to survive, therefore its difficult to merely depend on themselves. To produce offspring, they usually espouse and have children which in turn, be get through senses the root wordard of creation for the human population. Even though we all contend the similarity of being human beings, there tranquillise exists losss in what we commit in and the values that we attach to various things. One of these things, is the topic of marriage, which by definition, is a reunion of a man and a woman to come to permither and li ve together as a maintain and wife. receivable to the diverse objectives that people have in marriage, al to the highest degree people repress that having one wife ( monogamousness) is the ideal method, whereas others believe in having a number of wives (polygamy) (Family,2009). This constitution seeks to have an in-depth tonicity at the two issues polygamy and monogamy by looking at what the proponents of each thinks about it as easily up as look at countries that have practiced them. It pass on too look at pros and cons of each as well, and why people should respect one a nonher despite which side they take. Last exclusively not least, the paper exit analyze the cultural beliefs of the two groups and dig deeper on why they h experient on their beliefs and reasons they give to support their stand.Monogamy, is one of the most astray used form of marriage and its supporters believe in one man/woman to one wife/husband. Monogamy is derived from the Greek word mono, which core alone, and gamos, meaning re-union or marriage. It is believed that the majority of the human race practice monogamy as opposed to polygamy. One benefit considered of monogamy, is that it increases the chances of offspring survival because the parents collabo tell together and raise the child ( Edward,1928). This perception does seem to be ever-changing with era due to complexities of fast paced, ripe life though. In the past, it was crude for men to go to work while the woman was supposed to champion the house mark off duties, which overly included raising the children. The modern domain has changed this though, and now there is no distinct powers mingled with men and women. every bit now, both must work hard to cope and deal with the challenges of modern life. Monogamy fuck be categorized and broken into four groups fond monogamy, sexual monogamy, marital monogamy and genetic monogamy. There exists small differences in the midst of these groups and that is why this paper all discussion departing be bear on on the man and woman perspective of monogamy. some(prenominal) communities have in the past and are currently now practicing monogamy. Monogamy is as old as Adam and Eve, for during creation, God created one woman and one man. It is expect by some people that Christianity has a connection with the origin of monogamy ( Edward,1928). Europe just happens to be one of the countries where Christianity took its toll and spread rapidly. ahead Christianity, Europe practiced polygamy. The roman burnish believed in monogamy to such an extent that those who failed to observe the rules, faced dire consequences. Due to the severe penalties, some people even out went to the extent of killing their wives so that they could have an probability of marrying another(prenominal) one. Cesar is an example of one who banished and killed his wife in order to get the opportunity of marrying another one (William,u.d.). This indicates how strong their cul ture laws were and how people urgently tried to abide by them. The great conqueror Napoleon, was also compel to divorce his first wife so that he could marry another one order to birth a son. This shows how deep rooted these cultures were by sack to the extent of making a laws which were to be observed by all of the population. These cultures main stopping points were making sure the chances of immorality were reduced, as well as helping couples remain committed to each other. It is evident that no matter how strict a country was, monogamy is hard to observe as it can be seen in Rome, where although marriage was monogamous, the sexual family relationship did not follow the same, and mating was polygamous (Eshleman, 1994). People abided by the rules, and most cultural beliefs were upheld and embraced by the community. One downside to these beliefs, was lack in acceptance by all of its citizens and some accepted it just because they lacked any alternatives. The communities that p racticed monogamy stood a mend chance of having families that worked together towards a common goal like raising children, giving them parental have sex life and attention which are very crucial to the development child. As opposed to polygamous family, where most of the time the husband can not pass on to be with all wives and his children at the same time. A polygamous father quite simply, cannot afford it. The children from these families are not likely in most cases to fully make out the parental love of both parents like those from monogamous family. In the roman type Empire, the consequences of bigamy were severe as death. This means that the citizens had no other option tho to abide by them. The Empire saw it as a course to reduce the poesy of unwanted children, lower the levels of immorality, and lessen the amount of undivided mothers resulting from divorce, due to unfavorable conditions that arise with polygamy. Even though this culture was imitated, it still has i ts weakness because most its foremost people had children outside marriage as well as concubines on the side. It showed disregard for human rights, because some women were disjoint or murdered so that the men could get the opportunity to marry another one. The culture also lacked proportion matching especially in comparison to modern days since the male to female ratio does not compute. This means that a great number of women would turn out to be single since their population is so high. In turn, the women who birth children out of marriage, pass on raise children that are not able to receive parental love from the father. Those children then do not have much choice but to lean on what they see their mother doing, and in some cases, the traits they acquire, business leader not be ideal ones.Polygamy is derived from the Greek word, which means the practice of having legion(predicate) women. This practice is very old and was practiced in many countries end-to-end the world. The p ractice is predominant in many African countries, where ones wealth is mensural in terms of how many children one has. They believe that when one soul is in position to feed many mouths, that it translates to that one person having teeming wealth since poor people could not afford to feed many children. Other countries have different reasons to why they allowed its citizens to practice polygamy. This discussion will focus on one of the African countries, Kenya, where currently, some of its communities still do practice polygamy (volume 10, 1967).Before colonization, people used to have their own standards of alimentation as well as doctrines and laws that they had to abide by. Kenya happens to have more than 42 tribes where each tribe has its own beliefs and culture to follow. Most of these tribes, acknowledge polygamy and it is suggested by Ngugi (2006) that women once they understand that they are reaching old age, could suggest that their husband marry another younger wom an who to help him with house hold chores as well as marital needs. To many Kenyans, they believed polygamy to be meaty in making it possible for the continuation of a generation. This was a time when children used to die in large numbers at highly tender ages, due to diseases like measles, polio amongst others. It was then considered vital for a man to marry many women and reproduce many children so that even if a majority of them were dying, the hopes and chances that a few of them would survive was increased. The Kenyan culture accepted polygamy and even women themselves did not feel cheated nor did they object to it. A ripe example is the Luo community in Kenya in currently, polygamy is still practiced. Wife heritage which is also a part of polygamy is being practiced as well (Ngugi, 2008)).According to their culture, this habit is encouraged to discourage the chances of the widowed woman from going out to look for other men, and instead be inherited by one of the brothers of her deceased husband. Another reason that is supported by those who practice polygamy, is to bring about a balance between men and women. Since the womens numbers are many, it is believed by the men practicing it, that more women in turn will be able to get husbands. The African culture means well in practicing polygamy, and has good intentions in doing so. These women and communities as a whole, believe it better to have a co-wife and abolish the need for their men to have cabalistic relations with other women outside the marriage. Therefore there was no more secret business, and men could inform their wives of their intention to marry another woman as they deemed right (Ngugi,2008). Lately though there has been a line in the practice of polygamy, resulting from many people embracing Christianity in Kenya. Many are now abiding by doctrines of the church and because of this immorality and promiscuity is on the rise. Research has shown that both married women and men are having oth er relationships outside their marriages, contributing to a high HIV infection rate in these groups. Polygamy is associated with such benefits as the impartiality in the distribution of wealth. This is because polygamy in most cases is practiced by men who are financially stable. By them marrying many women, there will be a steady advert of cash, either through gift or even just by merely supporting the women that he marries (William,2009). Immorality and promiscuity rates also decline along with sexually transmitted diseases, for the simple fact that a man will be content with women he has. There are also more morals imposed in such a society, and instead of women resulting to using devices such as sex toys to fulfill their needs, they stand a much better chance of getting men who will satisfy their needs sexually instead. Human beings are emotional and shoot a channel or means of satisfying those feelings. When that opportunity is not presented, they can result to other untradit ional means to satisfy their emotions. Polygamy also has its shortcomings which can vary depending on how it is practiced. When it occurs with individuals who are not economically stable, children cleverness suffer and lack basic needs due to the number of children the man will be providing for. It also neglects the children of paternal love since they can not have their father on daily basis. It can also make women feel not fully appreciated and wonder why their man would be looking at other women. In the current times, it can lead to mistrust, and increasing the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (Mirriam, 2006).In looking at both polygamy and monogamy, each one of them seems to have its advantages and disadvantages. charge in mind that humans are social beings who like to interact with each other, people should learn to appreciate other peoples cultures since we can perceive things differently and what some may consider as right, may be considered as very wrong i n another country. Even though this has always been a controversial topic as to what people recognize as its pertaining issues, but it is really time for people to appreciate the difference that exists between people and the only way to solve this is by training about the positive things from the given cultural community and disregard what could be perceived to be of less importance (Jenks, 2006). Communities can not exist on their own and they require a collaboration with others to co-exist peacefully. It is important to not only realize but appreciate that there are disparities between these two types of marriages and the children brought out of each of them exhibit the differences in the values that they knowing from their parents. Research done has indicated that children from polygamous family might have more electronegative attitudes towards their step siblings and are often scatty in genuine love towards each other. In extreme cases, they sometimes rise against one another and even cause bodily harm to one another. Often lacking in fatherly love, they generally seem to perceive their father in a negative light as well. All that having been said, people will continue behaving differently and that is why laws play a vital role ensuring that people abide by them and operate within those boundaries. Through social interaction, people get to discover other peoples different ways of animated and their abilities to interact with each other.ReferencesJencks E N (2009).The History and Philosophy of spousal Or, Polygamy and Monogamy Compared Oxford publishersNgugi, J. polygamy in Kenya.Nairobi. Oxford publishers.Miriam K. (2006).Polygamy a cross-cultural analysis. New York Up.A citizen of mum (1882).Marriage monogamy and polygamy on the basis of divine law, of natural law University of wampum James CampbellAn international journal of social, political and legal , Volume 10 1967 retrieved on 6/12/2009 from n+monogamy+and+polygamylr=client=firefox-aEdward B . (1928). The daybook of general psychology, Volume 1retrieved on 6/12/2009 from http//books.google.co.ke/books?id=Kv37YlSy7oICq=journals+on+monogamy+and+polygamydq=journals+on+monogamy+and+polygamylr=client=firefox-aSay NO to monogamy and YES to polygamy.2009. Retrieved on 6/12/2009 fromhttp//www.hipforums.com/modules/Journal/viewentry.php?journalnoteid=13005William M .The family, society, and the individual retrieved on 6/12/2009 fromgamydq=journals+on+monogamy+and+polygamylr=client=firefox-aEshleman, J. (1994). The Family. retrieved on 6/12/2009 fromygamylr=client=firefox-a

The Recession: Causes and Effects

The corner Causes and EffectsExecutive SummaryIntroduction at that place was a turning tear in United States in the late 2008 which carried external in the 2009 as well making an clashing on the inviolate world. The inflation rate so bed high with distri b arlyively(prenominal) the things high-ticket(prenominal) around the corner. A persons earning power and buy power, foreverything rock-bottom and in fact in whatsoever countries it ended. People started thrift and follow cutting on almost scarcely the objects and almost in both the aspects of life. The acquire for the goods reduced and thus the come forth which impacted on m both pranks around the world. People were fired from the job without any prior nonice. A major(ip)ity of the population went unemployed. Every consumer started relieve in the maximum way they tramp. in that respect was a cow chip of scourge in almost completely told the houses in diffe charter separate of the world. The sprout gr ocery store got crashed and so as the banks. Banks lost their clients, state started living and enjoying in spite of appearance their house. Corporate reduced their expenses in the course of execute of salaries and job cuts. People change of location in lineage division started travelling in thriftiness. It was a major b depleted for the world all over. M building blocknessy lost its prise. Developed nations were the whisk affected. No investors were ready to invest hike currency. scarce there was alike few countries like china and India where this panicked incident did not occur. Although, it did reduced their balance of payment and trade scarce it did not do over a lot impact on the sight living in these countries. They were much relaxed in comparison with different parts of the world. India has developed its own domestic foodstuff which never tried to absorb an impact of the deferral. Exports were reduced and so does imports, in that location were jobs cuts for the BPOs except there were galore(postnominal) alternatives to the throng for the jobs. US parsimoniousness did do around 60 part of the impact on India but the impact were actually not entern anywhere in India.India has developed its domestic grocery rather strongly. It has all the local tradesman and local customers. Although there were monetary comfort fig outs in some of the few products but they were never applyn poorly by the Indian people be clear the surface ara is use to high and menial charges be m separate of the changing government on random basis. The living regular of people in India were still increasing at the time of the recession when the suspire of the world were affected by the high rising prices of everything and were into the bringing Mode. In some other words there was an stintingal free chance upon in India and could not be called as Recession.RecessionThe trite text book definition of a recession isNegative economic Growth for two attendant quarters. This center there must be a fall in literal getup for a block of 6 months.However, not all of them as analyst/economists be happy with this definition. The modestness being this arRise in community If the population increase is by a single percent in a year. The Real GDP fruit of a half percent leave behind mean the turn away in the GDP per Capita. Therefore, a state of matter like USA, where the population is increasing day by day, it is really classic to necessitate a check on it.Inaccurate Statistics Generally sodding(a) Domestic Product statistics are not accurate and they need to be amended. So, In consequence of that, if there is a harvest of 0.4%,that actually means the ontogeny is declining by 0.3%. Some generation, the economist rounds up the figure and use it in the practical calculations.Growth chthonic incline Rate. If dimension is growing by an number of 3 percent every year, this means there is an economic growth of 0.9 pe rcent every year, which means there is an increase in spare capacity and hence, it is likely to raise the percentage devour aim of unemployment. Hence, fewer economists suggests, there is a recession if there is a rise in spare capacity. But, its a confusing statement as it means growth in the economy of astir(predicate) a percent means a human body of the recession. Also, according to some economist, it refer to a beginning phase of the recession and deep come run through in growth rate are the special features of the recession.Level of Unemployment. The most important discussion and the area of vex at the time of recession is the rise in the percentage direct of unemployment. If there is a crisply increase in peoples losing jobs and get unemployed, this shows an economy is in recession. It might be preferably controversial to say intimately(predicate) this situation that it is not in recession if the unemployment level has risen up by half a million in spite of the c ountrys domineering growth. A point of status here is closely the level of unemployment rise which is caused by the supply side and not the need side performers. dissolver of Survey Give a thorough research on the report with the worlds economists and it bequeath be quite disporting to find their subjective response. harmonise to few economists, a figure less(prenominal) than fifty percent downfall to accept the economic recession in USA and vice versa.NBER translation of Recession- NBER announces the occurrence of the recession in USA. The definition by NBER is A probative twilight in economic employment spread across the economy, enduring to a expectanter extent than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales.NBER further tells us thatThere is no stubborn rule close to what weights are assigned to the various indicators, or around what other mea authentics contribute information to the process.This statement is quite clear most the recession but it is not certain about the time period or its occurrence time and what exactly can cause the recession.Recession My personal View check to my personal view, recession occurs when there is a sink in real GDP. If there is a small growth of say,0.4 percent we can expect a recession or at least we can say that the economy is well behind the style growth. However, we should always consider the point that a recession does require a aggravate in Gross Domestic Product for at least one quarter. Also, in brief, we can say, recession is a steep set in Real GDP per Capita. first gear is defined asDepression is when a person looses his job and he do not study any property flowing into his account to support his family. Drastic decline in the real GDP causes a situation of depression. It is when the productivity of the output falls for more than eighteen months or by more than, quaternion percent. There was a steep decline in the great depression of 1929-33 of almost eighteen percent.so there is a difference mingled with A recession and A depression. And the idea behind this ,is, the scenario between recession and depression is known as Economic Downturn.Therefore, an economic downturn is the balance structure of recession and depression.Indicators of RecessionThe economist involved in the monetary and advisory fields generally mention the line of reasoning securities industry situations as an indicator of recession. According to them, In Western Europe and North America, the divination of the recession can be made by sudden and keen decline in the average performance of the share market. These performances can be checked by DowJones or Standards Poors 500 index.However, this definition seems to be quite insufficient. By looking into the history of the stock market, about their high and low stock indicators, gearing up with the past seventy years of the depth psychology report nothing has been found that could be relevant with the definition or is even closer to the definition of the recession.Moreover, if we analyse the current recession or the recessions of the past two decades, it does demonstrate a downfall of the stock market. But if we analyse it carefully we go out find all the stock market crashed after the recession came in. Therefore, we cant take it as the indicator of recession rather than it just tell us one factor answerable and effected at the time of recession.To measure the inbound recession, the best measured indicator is an inverted yield curve. Inverted yield curve shows the point on which the investments in long bourne fall (specifically, those holding a period like as term sting) under the yields on the deposit of short term. This shows the utmost importance of the identification of the market itself. The yields and price on investments generally relates to the beg and supply models. If the value of the funds is going away to lessen in the fu ture, it is going to be a problem for the borrowers and lenders as well. No one ordain borrow the funds on high order and the lenders ordain render the affect of it. No person give ever borrow specie when the value of the money impart depreciate. Therefore, when we calculate and explain the assay, it makes sure that the market observes a decline in the upcoming value of money, which includes the rate of the price and rate of the yield.Market yield is determine by the expectations of the investors, risk prising and companionship about risk and if in long term the yield gets shortened, the economy is going to be in the same level. Therefore, the further market expectations can be predicted on the basis of the yield curve. According to the experimental data, this pee-pees in the reality as well and not only theoretically. Although, the yield curve is not so perfect but the little intimacy and spirit of it by the borrowers, investors, and individuals give them enough under standing to handle the market in a better sentiment than anyone else. They are likely to make few rational finales on based of these calculations. On the basis of the calculations figured out of the supra yield, five out of the sixsome inverted yield curves in the past thirty years shake up predicted a weak economic environment, which is said to be an informal decision about the recession. Quite interesting to see this theory of risk pricing is in correlation with the tonus of the recession predicted. At the time of recession, say, at the present scenario, most of the investors are not ready to take risk and trying to withdraw the money from the invested market. There is no investment at the moment where the investors can expect a good return and so they are trying to take take out their /shares and beat control on their money. Due to the risk involve at the moment for loss off all the money invested, they are particularly thinking to invest in the best fail-safest place wh ich they can think off so that the money can be in circulation. These safe investments are called as quality investments.At the end, NGOs along with the conference board has published an index of guide economic pointers which can be used in the prediction of the economic activities and the business cycles. This index has the listing of ten itemised observance and many more subjective prosody in consumers behaviour with the calculations of the hours per week they work. This index made an experiment of the recession which tried to figure out the recessions of the past fifty years and was successful enough to predict around two vitamin C percent of the times of the economic withdrawals which had actually been in the past. This helps them in acquiring a solid base knowledge of the occurrence of the recession and their indicators. This knowledge can help investors in knowing the correct time of commit money and coming out of it and they can predict accurately about the business cycles , recessions occurrence time and other effective economic metrics can help them to move out or stay decisions to rent profits from the investments which they make to generate their revenue and income with a strong level of prediction of the uncertain cause of the economic recession. However, most of the experts say, that the current knowledge of this is not going to give any outcome in the near(a) future as the situations differ from time to time and it lead be of no use by predicting from the historical datas. This might be molest and investment decision can still be risky in the future, if by using the same method of historical dates.Causes of Recession- line in the aggregate demand in addition commonly known as AD is one of the important cause of the recession. Following are the causes of decline in AD in United States in the recent time acknowledgment Crunch there has been lots of difficulty of acquire the money in the US because of the high mortgage defaults. Many banks and financial institutions lost their money and after that they were quite reluctant in lending money. This made borrowing a very expensive method which leads to the less investment by the consumer. Investments were quite low which made the shortage of the money in the market.Defaults in Mortgage companies introduced forward offers for the people winning mortgage instantly and when this introductory offer ended, the interest order increased which made it quite expensive. Peoples liquid income got reduced and which lead to default in the payment of mortgage judge by the people.Rising Costs There has been an increase in the cover prices, energy rates and food prices which increased the production cost in almost all the things which lead the idealty Supply (AS) curve to shake up from right to left. Lower income consumer cant afford the costly and expensive times due to which the demand got reduced and became a cause for the recession. descent in the House Prices Loosing the value of assets is quite trouble giving situation to the households. This situation reduces consumers wealth and it prevents equity withdrawal through remote gagging. With decline in house prices consumers tend to spend less because of the depreciating value of their money and assets.Bankruptcy The financial institutions and banks like Bear Sterns and Northern Rock going bankrupt made people fear of spending the money. They were now, more into savings and prefer staying at home rather than moving out.According to Keynesian theory- Fall in AD exit result in Fall in Real GDP. Real GDP effects depends upon the slope of the Aggregate Supply curve. Lets assume, the economy being very close to the highest level, because the dismantle Aggregate requirement curve would faulting a bit and cause a very small fall in Real GDP.Decline in any of the constituent can cause economic crisis.Example, Say-MPC= x, cost of borrowing=yIf X increases the interest rate by 4%, Y would withal increase which in turn will make saving quite attractive. Therefore, the consumers will save more and spend less. outlay will be only done on the basic requirements which will benefit them in lots of savings. On the other hand, if the government increases the task rate and lower its spending, Aggregate Demand would fall as well.Lets see the above figure. If we assume, there is a decline in Aggregate Demand because the multiplier effect whitethorn magnify the initial down(prenominal) movement in the point A. Lets take an example of the pulverisation where the production of the factory reduces, because definitely, the company would try to cut its cost and would reduce the grasp from its factory because that will save them extra money. Now, as these workers are jobless, they are going to spend very less which will cause a secondary decline in Aggregate Demand, which will make the fall in Real GDP to a great extent.A supportive rate of economic growth can be determined by consumer satisfacti on level and the business growth level. If everything goes positive and there is a satisfied market then there rule be any simplification in the demand even if the interest rates are hiked by the banks and the government.Moreover, if people are unsecured about their job and finances, they will start saving and spend the minimum they can, Which will cause the Aggregate Demand to decline or may be move at very slower rate. Hence, the consumers predictions and expectations of the future should be safe and secure which might be very helpful in the circulation of money and the well balanced demand and supply curve.Example Lets assume a country, say -United Kingdom. The most important feature of the country is based on International trade. Therefore, if there is a recession in other parts of the world the country will get affected as demand for their products will decline, and the export margin for the country will also decline due to the very less demand from the international boundari es. And this cycle will repeat in the UKs economy as well, where peoples demand will also reduce leading to the economy into the crisis.According to the classical economists beliefs, If there is any decline in Real GDP, they wont be permanent and will come to the finishing point when the labour markets get set themselves to the bran-new price margin. They also argue on the point, If there is a decline, no matter adult or small, in the Aggregate Demand, there will be fall in Real GDP. Hence, with a small shift in the price margin, wages will fall and finally SRAS will drive home a positive shift towards the right and gradually it will benefit in the economy returning to the original level at YF and the recession will come to an end.But, speaking harshly on these above valuations about the great depression of 1930, Keynes said, the long period of negative growth points about the markets show that they cant get clear automatically. He argued on the following reasonsWhenever there is a situation of recession, people have the intent to save more rather than spend. They try to do savings as much as they can as they are really unsecure about the upcoming days, this is known as Paradox of Thrift.The factories or the business segments cut the wages and salaries to reflect downward movement in the prices but originally the workers are really harsh on it because a reduction in the salary/wages does not give them enough purchasing power and saving power.Now, if the salaries are deducted of the employees/workers, they would have less purchasing power, therefore, the demand will fall which will make the total impact on the AD curve, which will continue to decline at a quick pace.Keynesian policies An inspirational successKeynes introduced the power of elimination of the fear of people of depression with the practical examples.Before the Second World War, there were 8 U.S. recessions which got transformed into the situation of depression (1807, 1837, 1873, 1882, 1893, 1 920, 1933, and 1937). Since the Second World War, there were 9 recessions (1945-46, 1949, 1954, 1956, 1960-61, 1970, 1973-75, 1980-83, and 1990-92) out of which not a single recession transformed into the situation of depression.This is a wonderful gift to the world by Keynes.Supply and demand factorWhen there is an excess of supply and demand in the market, a recession can take place within an international leap which can later spread to the sinless world. When the industries hire more and more labour and start the production at maximum level with the erudition of the high demand in the market, they get a set okay if the taste of the consumers has changed. When this situation arises supply in excess can cause the company loss and can be forced to reduce the prices. The companies then try to re off the loss by cutting employment and getting rid of the produced items. So in this case the excess supply factor would reduce and can be very slow.Along with this there is another situ ation which does occurs frequently from the side of the consumers. When the consumers demand is more than the supply side, the industries take benefit of it by increasing the prices of the products and by reducing the production of its products. And at this time, the products prices will be higher than it used to be because of the scarcity of the products in the market. Now, the consumers think, that the prices can exceed further, therefore, they buy the products in lots of quantity to indulge their needs and excess demand. These poor industrial balances start giving a hint of industrial recession which spreads in the market affecting everyone. The supplier as well as consumers gets affected by this.InflationA smaller amount of increase in the price value can click the beginning of the recession in the world market. The price value of all the domestic products like sugar, oil, wheat, rice, fruits, vegetables increases and become very costly which are not easily affordable.Not only the domestic products prices, but the price of oil also increases with rapid speed. At the moment, if we check the oil prices in the world, they have increased to huge height. The United States makes an impact on the intact world and the economists have warned them to stay in a planned economy to escape the recession or else they along with themselves will carry the entire world into the recessions. This warning should be the wake up alarm for all the countries including the USA.Crash in the Stock MarketThe crash in the stock market leading to fall of all the share prices is also one of the main reasons for the recession. The United States attacked Iraq which caused a major countrys revenue and put the entire country in the pressure of monetary problems also led the country lead into recession. According to the local people and share brokers, this war made an impact on the share market of USA which led to the decline in the prices value of the shares. The anti protection team were made a throw outst terrorism causing again the huge revenue for the country which resulted in the sharp decline in the share prices. Due to terrorism not only USA but the entire worlds share market is going down which is an issue of major c erstwhilern.Selling of the StocksBy the alarming situation of the war, inflation, deflation, hyper inflation, cataclysm people start trading their shares on the large basis. The large investors sell out their shares at very cheap rates and get their money back due to the fear of loosing them. This also marks the factor of the inflation. In the year 2008, there was maximum trade of shares and the value of all the shares were at the bottom level.Saving factor of House HoldsMost of the consumers are saving the money which is not allowing the money to rotate in the current market. The money is kept safely under their respective homes. Middle class families are quite resisting in going out and spending rather than keeping their pockets in tacked fo r the future. Majority of the money is owned by rich class people and even they are not exposing their money. This means, the moneys rotational nature is stop and hence, the situation of recession is getting worse day by day. high gear consumptionOne of the major causes of the recession is over consumption. Peoples attitude of taking the life into a princely manner makes them overspend in the form of getting more and more luxury items. They want to build their standard of living and want to show off in the society. Everyone tries to compete with each other in terms of fashion and high status. Along with this the purchases of the luxurious health beauty costumes also make them spend on these products and the reason behind this is just Show Off in the society. Going to the expensive restaurants and having the most expensive food with lesser and higher quality also marks their standards. This excessive consumption of money has leaded the world fall into recession and poverty. United S tates invested billions of dollars into its war with Iraq which made economists alarmed them to be wary about their future planning and also the consumption of the money in a more better and organised manner.Contamination in the Asian marketThe terrorism threats in Asia are causing the United States under an absolute pressure of recession. USA is taking major steps to forfend the terrorist attacks and threats in Asia and implementing its policies towards it to control the situation otherwise which can make a huge negative impact on the world. The major economic activity in the continent has been on the diminishing line on the graphical record which can cause the world a very huge marrow of the recession which may be later converted into the situation of depression. stinky environment, poverty, deflation, flood, hyperinflation, stock market downfall are some of the factors which are the areas of concern in the continent. All these has made the United States quite interested in t he enquiries towards the factors of recession and trying to take control of the difficult situation which may be very harmful to he world.The money supplys expansion is the work of the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. He is the one who can limit the economy without much notice. He can take immediate decisions on the raise or drop of the interest rates which can be even by fifteen percent. He makes the economy run by developing the movement of unemployment or the balance of the demand and supply. There have been many chairmen who were quite successful in managing the floatation of the interest rates but some were not successful as well. It has been agreed by all the economist, the person who can control the money supply should be enough influential and enough intelligent to handle it.On contrary, electric chair of the United States has influence only on the long term on the economy. The decision taken by him at the time of his rule, they are utilize on a long term which may come into action even after his term gets over. Borrowing and spending decisions also take considerable time to pass through all the stages of confirmation and then getting it implemented in the economy.Therefore, the president is not at all responsible for the recessions as many people point the situation towards them. Its the chairwoman of the Federal Reserve who is responsible for the economic imbalances in the country. Many economists have agreed on this and has announced as injustice done to the presidents. There have been examples in the US economy where actions have been taken against the then presidents at the time of recession, which actually is not correct at all. Carter was penalize for that high unemployment and inflation in the country and so as George Bush. However, if it was the president who was controlling the money supply they will be considered into the merit list. involve of RecessionThe peoples purchasing power reduced as the companies reduced their labour and the workers still with them got cuts in their salary. Therefore, when the demand was low, production was low. All the prices of the small to big things became costly and people started saving rather than spending. Frequent flight travellers used trains as an alternative and similarly, in all the things in the market, consumers started opting for the cheaper substitutes which made a heavy impact on the business industry. The stock prices crashed down and people lost their life time savings in the stock market. Banks announced their loss or some banks did announce their bankruptcy as well. diachronic review of recessionsRecessions in the worldDue to the unavailability of the proper bridal of the definition of a global recession, IMF considers global recessions when the global growth is less than 3%. According to the estimates of IMF, global recession does occur in a cyclical phase of 8 and 10 years. As per them, the past cardinal global recessions of the past 20 years, the global o utput per capita growth was in negative or less than zero. The economists with IMF states the global growth rate of 3 % or less would slowdown the overall growth of the countries. The recessions of 1990-1993,1998, 2001-2002, and 2008-2009 had a broad decline of the growth rate below zero.USA has faced many expansions and contractions since 1854 which has an average of seventeen months of contraction and thirty eight months of expansion. Meanwhile, since USA entered in 1980s they have faced only 8 periods of negative or zero growth in the economy over a pecuniary quarter or more, and four periods considered recessionsJanuary-July 1980 and July 1981-November 1982 2 years totalJuly 1990-March 1991 8 monthsMarch 2001-November 2001 8 monthsDecember 2007-current 15 months as of March 2009From 1991 to 2000, the U.S. experient 37 quarters of economic expansion, the longest period of expansion on record.NBER in USA announces the arrival of the recessions in its economy and have succeeded in conforming correctly the economy in recession over a decline period of two quarters. But, there is a point of consideration of the recession of 2001 which involved the preceding of two quarters of alternative decline and weak growth in spite of the decline of the two consecutive quarters.Stock market and recessionsAnticipations have been made by the economists about the recessions of the decline in the stock markets. However, the stock market crashes after the recession is in. In the recent period of time, there have been many sounds of crash from all over the worlds stock markets. According to Siegel, in the Long run, since 1948 there have been 10 recessions which were preceded by a fall in the stock market with an average time period of around six months, however, there have been some stock markets in the Dow Jones which crashed below ten percent but still they did not come into recessions.The impact of recessions can be also seen on real estate market which however last much l onger than the recessions and take a good number of quarters to gain the momentum again. Its almost next to impossible to predict the business cycle. And Therefore, Siegel on this argues strongly and say its almost impossible to make timings investment decisions on based of these economic cycles. In fact, NBER also takes quite a bit of time to determine about the negative growth in all the sectors brining down the economy to a halt.Whenever, there is a decline in the economy, the consumers tend to adopt the stuffs of daily requirement from the market in whole sale and keep them in their stocks. Tobacco, contraceptives and medicines industry grow even at the time of negative economic and tends to hold a better position than any other industry. The stock market gets better day by day as the economy progress at a deny of time. Once the economy is at worst i.e. after the lowest decline, market tends to grow and the stocks moves really fast building its strong position once again. There have been issues and objection over the health care companies progress. This is so because, they are in a better position than any other industry at the time of recession and after the market recovers it is quite interesting to watch their stocks progress. Some companies diversify their risks and invest into the international projects which may provide them safety and a better industry position however, the countries which are very closely trading with USA also gets affected by the US recession.There has been a trend set of the recession by their historical figures and therefore, the investors begin discounting a recovery when the recession has crossed its halfway. The average length of a recession in US has been taken as thirteen months nevertheless there are many recessions which have been shorter in period than thirteen months.Therefore, the present recession discounting period had already been started in the November 2009 and the market is growing with a good speed and trying t o gain the momentum once again and is expected to be in a good position by the Middle of 2010.PoliTICS RECESSIONThe presidency gets the blame or the credit for the economy of its country. The political controllers has to make sure the countrys economy is running into a good position, which has actually made disagreements about the arrival of the recession. Whenever, there is a downturn in an economy in can be considered a posi

GA3 Producing Fusarium and its Impact on Growth

GA3 Producing Fusarium and its Impact on GrowthIsolation and portraying of Gibberellic sour 3 producing Fusarium sp. from Belgaum agri purification land and its impact on super C pea plant and sieve gain promotionAbstractWorldwide supreme aim of any agri burnish sector or farmer is to pile maximum yield. Sufficient supply of nutrients and fertilizer are not fit to give maximum yield. There are numerous factors which are creditworthy for low yield, among that one is the environment stress or the uns circuit board climate conditions. To increase the yield there are numerous approaches akin exercising of genetically modified trots, but in India it is contr oversial approach and some other approach is the single-valued function of multifunctional plant hormone wish Gibberellic irate 3 (GA3). This research in general involves the occupation of GA3 from fungous species and to apply it on crop plants. Fusarium species were apart(p) from Belgaum agriculture daub and scre ened for GA3 proceeds under settle fermenting. achieve deputeing maximum GA3 yield ( personal credit line M104) was taken to study the resultant of versatile parameters on GA3 return, like incubation time (1 12 twenty-four hourss), initial pH (5.0 -8.0), incubation temperature (20 40 C), pH (5.0 -8.0), and carbon and nitrogen etymons. The maximum employment of GA3 was observed on day 8 at 30 C, and pH 5.5 with glucose and ammonium ion chloride as good carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. After optimization, a 6.56-increase in GA3 fruit was observed. The GA3 output was underpined by thin render chromatography. The GA3 crude extract obtained employ submersed fermentation was and so use to study its transaction on ger secondation and process of green pea plant and paddy crops. It was observed that GA3 inured crops showed uniform growth and they were taller than non-treated plants, suggesting its practise in increasing the crop plant harvests.Key words Fusarium sp, closing off, gibberellic acid, optimization, go down fermentation, crop plants.IntroductionGibberellic acids, as well known as gibberellins, are the interwoven organic molecules acting as plant growth hormones. They are chemically known as diterpenoid acids having molecular formula C19H22O6. They regulate the functions like booth division, cell elongation, sex expression, seed germination, breakdown of seed dormancy and anthesis etc. In microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, gibberellic acid 3 is the principal product of gibberellins, act as secondary metabolite (Bruckner and Blecschmidt, 1991 Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006). Till now, 136 gibberellins were sequestrated from various plants, and among that gibberellic acid 3 shows maximum biological activity (Rodrigues et al., 2011). The use of GA3 has been approved by food and drug administration (FDA) because of its tremendous cover and nontoxic properties, and its safety for environment and human was confirmed by hearty Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) (Rodrigues et al., 2011).In counties under development where mainly the economy relies on agriculture, the farmers have to use fertilizers and plant hormones to increase toil. As ab come out of the closet of fertilizers are associated with environmental pollution, plant growth hormones like gibberellic acid 3 have to be wind cost- stampively in huge amounts in prepare to enhance the quantity of agricultural products (Bilkay et al., 2010). Three routes to obtain GA3 have been reported, videlicet filiation from plants, chemical synthesis and microbial fermentation. Among this the third method is the close to common method to produce GA3 (Rios-Iribe et al., 2011). GA3 is industrially produced by Gibberella fujikuroi / Fusarium moniliforme under submerged (Santos et al., 2003 Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006). It is also produced by several other fungal species such as Aspergillus niger and Fusarium species and some bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Rhizobium , Azobactor, and Azospirillu species (Rademacher, 1994). All in a uplifteder place species produced very low yield of GA3 except Fusarium species in which most of the strains show the highest yield of GA3 than any other microbes (Rangaswamy, 2012). The search for new fungal species like Fusarium species capable of producing an important amount of GA3 is a continuous exercise. The aim of the mystify study was therefore to isolate and characterize a GA3 producing Fusarium sp. from stigma, optimize the culture conditions for maximum GA3 output signal, and to evaluate its effect on green pea and strain growth promotion.Materials and MethodsSoil attempt selectionTo isolate strains of Fusarium, the soil judge was taken from Belgaum agriculture area (Karnataka state, India). This soil was black rub sieved having high water supply holding capacity, good fertility and also take up soil for crops like paddy, all types of beans, sugarcane and all types of vegetables.Isolation of Fus arium speciesThe soil ideal collected from Belgaum agriculture land was taken, serially diluted in distilled water and inoculated in a Malachite green agar (MGA). Petri shields containing 15 g of peptone, 0.01 g of Malachite Green (triaryl methane dye), 1 g of potassium di total heat phosphate, 0.5 g of magnesium sulphate, and 20 g of agar per deoxycytidine monophosphate0 ml of distilled water were brisk. The incubation was carried out at 30 C for 5 eld (Castell et al., 1977). The resulted various colonies were picked up and further inoculated in a potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate and incubated for a week for secondary pigmentation. The colony with contrary morphology and colour pigmentation were sub cultured on PDA slants and labelled (Avinash et al., 2003). The lactophenol cotton no-count technique was employ to study the characteristics of the fungal isolate (William and Cross, 1971).Screening of the isolates for GA3 return under submerged fermentationThe Czapack Dox med ia (CD broth) containing sucrose (30 g), sodium nitrate (3 g), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (1 g), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.5 g), magnesium sulphate (0.5 g), potassium chloride (0.5 g) and ferrous sulphate (0.1 g) per 1000 ml of distilled water was used. The CD broth was prepared in conical flask and adjusted the pH to 7.0, and sterilised in an autoclave for 20 min at 15 psi. After cooling system the medium, it was aseptically inoculated (1 108 spores / ml) with individual isolated strains. The fermentation flasks were kept on a lap shaker (100 rpm) at 30 C for 12 geezerhood (Kahlon et al., 1986 Karakoc et al., 2006 Rangaswamy, 2012).GA3 pre-treatment, extraction and estimationThe fermented broth was taken and centrifuged at 13200 rpm for 10 min and the supernatant was taken and acidified to pH 2-2.5 using 1N HCl. GA3 was extracted trice using comprise amount of ethyl acetate/NaHCO3 (Cho et al., 1979). The ethyl extract was kept on hot air oven at 50 C overnight to p ull ethyl acetate and obtain crystals of GA3 (Kahlon et al., 1986 Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006 Karakoc et al., 2006 Bilkay et al., 2010 Rangaswamy, 2012). It was estimated by Berrios et al. (2004) spectrophotometric method and absorption was fill at 254 nm in UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Elico, SL-159 model, India).Confirmation of GA3 by thin bottom chromatography (TLC)The slurry of silica gel was poured on a TLC plates, air dried, and the ground substance was activated by keeping the plates on hot air oven at 80 C for 1 h. GA3 dissolved in ethanol was added as a spot and plates were run using mobile phase containing isopropyl alcohol ammonia water (1011) for 2 h. The plates were removed, sprayed with 3% sulphuric acid containing 50 mg FeCl3 and heated in oven at 80 C for 10 min. The GA3 appeared as greenish black/spot fluorescence under UV light (Cavell et al., 1967 Srivastava et al., 2003).Optimization of culture conditions for maximum GA3 action by Fusarium sp. (isolate M-104).The incubation time for GA3 production by the fungal isolate under submerged fermentation at 30 C and at initial pH 7.0 was analysed by inoculating CD broth with 1 ml of fungal spores and incubating on a roundabout shaker (100 rpm) for 12 days. The sample was taken every day as the fermentation proceeds in exhibition to find the most suitable incubation time for GA3 production. The effect of pH on GA3 production was studied by adjusting CD broth at divergent pH, viz. 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0. The cultivation flasks were inoculated with 1.5% (v/v) inoculum, and incubated for 8 days on rotary shaker (100 rpm) at 30 C. The effect of temperature on GA3 production was investigated by inoculating the fungal spores in CD broth of pH 7.0 and by incubating at three different temperatures 20, 30, 40, and 50 C with other conditions remained alike(p). The effect of carbon sources on GA3 secretion was analysed by replacing the sucrose in the CD broth of pH 5.5 by dextrose, glucose, mannitol, and starch, and by incubating at 30 C for 8 days. The effect of nitrogen sources on GA3 secretion was analysed by replacing the sodium nitrate in the CD broth of pH 5.5 by genus Glycine, ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate at 30 C for 8 days.Effect of GA3 on pea plant and paddy cropsSeeds of pea plants were soaked in 200 ppm of GA3 fermented filtrate for 12 h and then sown in autoclaved soil. After a period of 8 days, 100 ppm of GA3 was sprayed on the plant for each alternative day for another 8 days. The control was soaked in water and sown in autoclaved soil and sprayed with distilled water only. The growth of both the control and test pea plants was monitored over a period of 15 days. 10 paddy seeds were soaked in 300 ppm of GA3 solution for about 2 days and sown in soil. They were sprayed with 200 ppm of GA3 by and by growth. The control seeds were soaked in water for the same period and sprayed with only water. The observation was carried out for 25 days (Tiwari e t al., 2011 Susilawati et al., 2014).statistical analysisThe experiments were carried out in triplicate. ANOVA and DMRT at 5% implication level were used to give the differences between mean values, using SPSS statistical software.Results and DiscussionIsolation of Fusarium speciesFour strains of Fusarium species were isolated from agriculture soil sample and labelled as M101, M102, M104 and M110. The present labelling was based on following pigmentation black, grey, savory and red, respectively. All strains had cottony growth appearance which is one of the important morphological characteristic of the Fusarium species. By staining the fungi with lactophenol cotton blue dye, it was observed that they had non septate hyaline mycelium/ hyphae as shown in figure 1a. The macrospores of banana shape were reseptated which is a unique microscopic feature of Fusarium species as shown in the figure1b. The isolation medium containing malachite green was chosen since malachite green inhibit s the radial colony growth of the saprophytes and allows only growth of Fusarium species (Castell et al., 1997).Screening for isolates for GA3 productionGA3 can be commercially produced by submerged fermentation using different media but the most common synthetic medium is the Czapack Dox medium (CD broth) (Rangaswamy, 2012). The isolated strains M101, M102, M104 and M110 were subjected to submerged fermentation to check their ability for GA3 production. The different amounts of GA3 produced are given in the table 1 and Figure 2, and the strain M104 was the highest producer of GA3 among the four isolates. Similarly, Aspergillus niger strains produced different amounts of GA3 with the highest of 150.35 mg/l for A. niger Fursan (Cihangir and Aksoz, 1993). Likewise, various amounts of GA3 were produced by Lentinus tigrinus and Laetiporus (Ozcan, 2001).Optimization of culture conditions for maximum GA3 production by Fusarium isolate M104The optimization of cultural parameters like incub ation time, temperature, and pH, and nutritionary conditions like nitrogen and carbon sources, is necessary to produce GA3 in a significant amount. Time course for GA3 production by the isolate M104 was studied. GA3 production started on day 3 and maximum production was observed at day 8, although statistically at par with day 9 and 10 (Table 2). Similar incubation time was noted for GA3 production by Fusarium monilifome (Rangaswamy, 2012). 9 days was optimal time for GA3 secretion by Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010) and Fusarium monilifome (Kobomoje et al., 2013). In contrast, a higher incubation time of 12 days was observed by for Fusarium moniliforme(Kahlon and Malhotra, 1986) and Aspergillus niger (Bilkay et al., 2010). The best incubation time for GA3 production by various fungal species depend therefore on the strain used. The short incubation period observed for GA3 production by fungal isolate M104 makes the fermentation cost-effective.Among all pH investigate d, the pH 5.5 showed the maximum production of GA3 which was 1478.2 mg/L (Table 2). pH 5.5 was also optimum for GA3 production by Fusarium monilifome (Kahlon and Malhotra, 1986 Kobomoje et al., 2013) and Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010). Bilkay et al. (2010) reported pH 5.0 as optimal time for GA3 production by Aspergillus niger, whereas pH 7.0 was optimum for GA3 production by Fusarium monilifome (Rangaswamy, 2012).The effect of temperature on GA3 production was analysed, and maximum production was observed at 30 C (Table 3). The production of GA3 by various fungal species was also seen at an optimum temperature of 30 C (Bilkay et al., 2010, Uthandi et al., 2010 Rangaswamy, 2012 Kobomoje et al., 2013). 25 C was also optimum for GA3 production by Gibberella fujikuroi (Gelmi et al., 2002). A low GA3 yield at higher temperature was also record for GA3 production by Aspergillus niger (Bilkay et al., 2010). A low GA3 production was observed at higher temperatures because me tabolic activities get stopped imputable to enzyme denaturation. The decrease in GA3 secretion by microbial species was ascribed to the variation in enzyme activity or thermal denaturation (Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006).The effect of carbon sources on GA3 production was investigated. Maximum GA3 production was seen when glucose was used as carbon source (Table 2). Similarly, glucose was best carbon source for GA3 production by Fusarium moniliforme (Rangaswamy, 2012 Kobomoje et al., 2013). However, a mixture of glucose and rice flour was necessary to get GA3 production by Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010). When the concentration of glucose was increased, a decrease in enzyme production is observed due to catabolite repression (Tudzynski, 1999).After analysing the effect of nitrogen sources on GA3 production, a significant yield was observed with ammonium chloride (Table 2). Similarly, an important yield was seen when ammonium chloride was used as nitrogen source for GA3 produc tion by Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010). A low amount was seen when glycine was used as nitrogen source (Table 2). This can be attributed to the fact that glycine is a slowly consumed organic nitrogen source (Rodrigues et al., 2011). After enervation of nitrogen source, GA3 secretion starts and an important amount of carbon source is consumed (Tudzynski, 1999 Rodrigues et al., 2011).The submerged fermentation for GA3 production by the isolate M104 was carried out under trembling conditions (100 rpm) to allow proper mixing of nutrients, favouring oxygen circulation and GA3 production. A 3-fold increase was recorded for GA3 production by Aspergillus niger when the culture flasks were agitated (Bilkay et al., 2010). Rodrigues et al. (2011) reported that GA3 production has to be carried with aeration since GA3 biosynthesis requires various oxidative steps catalysed by different oxygenases. After optimization, a 6.56-enhancement in GA3 secretion was observedThin layer chr omatography (TLC)After GA3 extraction, crystals of GA3 were obtained as shown on the figure 3. After carrying TLC, the value of colony factor (Rf) of GA3 was calculated as follow Rf = distance from fall to solvent peak / distance from origin to sample spot spy = 7.9 cm / 10.8 cm = 0.7315 (Figure 4). The value was closing penny-pinching to the GA3 standard value. Similarly, an approximate Rf value was recorded for the GA3 extracted from Fusarium monilifome (Rangaswamy, 2012). The TLC was also used to confirm the GA3 produced by Fusarium solani (Bhalla et al., 2010).Effect of GA3 on pea plantsIt is was observed that the pea plants sprayed with GA3 was 7 cm taller than the pea plants without the GA3 within a period of two weeks (Fig. 5). Similarly, size of it of the lily plants was increased following exogenous GA3 treatment and this was attributable to the protein synthesis foreplay (Mahmoody and Noori, 2014). Likewise, the hybridized rice plant circus tent was increased after G A3 extract natural covering (Srivastava et al., 2003).Effect of GA3 on paddy cropsAll the 10 paddy seeds treated with GA3 were able to germinate and have uniform growth, colour and height and clean height was 9.5 cm within a total period of 25 days. The untreated seeds were able to germinate and had unequal growth and average height was 8.5 cm (Fig. 7). Similarly, the shoot and root heights, and the yield of chana and wheat crops were increased after GA3 extract action (Pandya and Desai, 2014). After GA3 application, an important productivity was seen for hybrid rice plant, following a better plant growth and physiological properties (Susilawati et al., 2014). The GA3 application also led to a significant yield for faba bean, compared to Ca2+ ion, and this was attributed to the improvement of growth and photosynthetic activity by the plant hormone (Al-Whaibi et al., 2010).Figure 7 Effect of GA3 on paddy crops Uniform growth (left) and non-uniform growth (right). paddy seeds were soaked in 300 ppm of GA3 solution for about 2 days and sown in soil. They were sprayed with 200 ppm of GA3 after growth. The control seeds were soaked in water for the same period and sprayed with only water. The observation was carried out for 25 daysConclusionFour strains of Fusarium were screened from Belgaum agriculture land by using a selective medium malachite green agar. They were confirmed as belong to Fusarium species by lactophenol cotton blue spore staining method. The GA3 production depends on nutritional and physicochemical conditions. Strain M104 showed the highest GA3 production in CD broth. After optimization, a 5.56-increase in GA3 production was achieved. The pea plant sprayed with GA3 fungal extract was taller than unsprayed one. The effect of GA3 on paddy seeds showed uniform and more growth than control (without GA3). The isolate M104 can thus be used as a pixilated fungal species for GA3 production.

Risk-Based Monitoring of Survival Data

take chances-Based monitor of Survival infoZhang ZhizhuoSummaryIn clinical ladders, on-the-scene(prenominal) observe is traditionally used to validate tally selective information fictitious character, reveal kinky info and come in peril factors. But little evidence has arrange is has positive effect on bias decrease and preciseness improvement. important monitor is an alternative of on-the-scene(prenominal) supervise, which discount identify identifys with amply risks of bias, geological faults and deviations remotely and effectively.Time to event is commonly employed as final number curiously in tumor therapy effort. whatever factors that may reduce the accuracy and precision of selection data would lead to a biased trial result. So excerpt data abide be a potential organize for central risk-based supervise. By revealing unusual pattern or inaccuracy of natural selection data in site level, risk sites mint be identified.This psychoanalyse aims to s trand an algorithmic rule and a risk role model for supervise survival data and identifying risk sites, and to generate a reusable SAS platform for prison term to come application of the risk model.Metrics of atypical event count and likeness in each site go away be served as supervise target. testify for difference between symmetrys comparing each site with otherwise sites ordain be applied on proportion data. For rargon event, Poisson loglinear arrested development will be used for calculate relative risk of insane event occurrence between each site and other sites. Risk flag on particular site will be describe when a significant result occur.Table of ContentSummary1. compass3. Objectives4. Study Design5. Methodology5.1 Re social structure datasets according to CDISC5.2 algorithm5.3 cast validation and generalization5.4 SAS Programming5.5 infoset6. Expected outcomesReferences appendix AAppendix B1.BackgroundIn clinical trials, quality assurance including site surgical process and data validity is the essential foundation of maximizing precision of trial results. Varies types of error may occur in all aspect in clinical trials design error, procedural error, recording error, bosh and analytical error 1. Any factors pertain with these errors are considered as risks. Different monitoring methods can be allocated to detect and reveal specific kinds of risks in clinical trials trial oversight committee, on-site monitoring and central monitoring.Traditionally, data quality of clinical trials is validated by on-site monitoring. On-site visiting is an expensive monitoring come near which take approximate 30% of total trial be in pharmaceutical industry 2. However, 84% of the pharmaceutical industry and 89% of Contract Research Organizations (CRO) still rely heavily on practices of on-site visiting 3. Despite this current situation, little evidence has found that on-site monitoring has significant positive effect on bias reduction and prec ision improvement in clinical trials.Recently, Food and Drug disposition (FDA) 4 published Guidance for pains Oversight of clinical InvestigationsA Risk-Based attempt to Monitoring. In this guidance, FDA encourages greater use of centralized monitoring practices. Using these approaches, sites with higher risks of bias, errors and deviations can be identified remotely. By only visiting sites of concerns sort of of 100% source data verification, costs and time can be reduced effectively. So far, many statistical methods have been developed to be employed in centralized monitoring, which are proved to be economical and reliable 5-9. These statistical methods form the cornerstone of risk-based monitoring.In clinical trials, time to event is commonly employed as endpoint to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. Especially in cancer therapy trials, time to progression is served as tumor-assessment endpoint (when majority of deaths are unrelated to the disease) 10 or even primary end point. Any factors that may reduce the accuracy and precision of this kind of data survival data would lead to a biased trial result, and the interpretation of the result might become inaccurate or of no value. While engageing a multicenter trial, it is of vital importance to check the validity of data updated at musical intervals, to identify the sites of concern and correct actions of risk. Factors involved with survival outcome including missing data, dislocated data and abnormal data, can be a potential targets for risk-based monitoring survival data.Presently, clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) 11 provides standards to support the acquisition, exchange, debut and archive of clinical research data and metadata. In advantage of CDISC normative data structure, especially Study Dara Tabulation Model (SDTM) and outline Data Model (ADaM), a data template can be open while the multicenter trial is ongoing. every data generated in the trial can be updated a nd re structure on the basis of the data template. This kind of formatted data structure provides great convenience for routinely data monitoring and validation.Meanwhile, once an algorithm for risk-based monitoring is generated, statistical model is build and the corresponding SAS program is coded, they can be applied to several trials and datasets which sharing the same monitoring target.3.ObjectivesTo establish an algorithm and a risk model for monitoring survival data, which is infallible to be capable of identifying trial centers with risk factors by revealing abnormal dataTo derive the algorithm and the risk model for application on clinical trialsTo generate a reusable SAS program for application of the risk model.4.Study DesignChoose adequate metrics according to conventional monitoring targets, establish the algorithm and risk model, set appropriate criteria for risk flag. halt the risk model on a very clinical trial dataset, identify risk sites. Compare the sites identi fied by model and sites with high risk known in advance, calculate sensitivity and specificity of the risk model. reason the risk model according to validation result, generate reusable SAS program for the risk model.5.Methodology5.1 Restructure datasets according to CDISCBy implementation of Study Data Tabulation Model (SDTM), raw data will be select in formatted tabulations with observations of individual subjects. Attributes (name, label, type, length, description, etc.) of every metadata will be reset to carry through SDTM conventions. And variables will be classified into corresponding domains.By implementation of Analysis Data Model (ADaM), data will first be structured into the subject-level analysis dataset (ADSL) formats. Subject-level variables will be specified to be ready for analysis. peculiar(prenominal) variables will be calculated and formatted into Basic Data Structure (BDS) for site-level data analysis.CDISC template for risk model establishment is listed in App endix A. All the original data will be structured in govern formats according to this template. And this CDISC template will be reusable for future application.5.2 AlgorithmThe statistical methods for different metrics to report risk flag are summarized in Table 1.Metrics Monitoring targets for the risk model is elect according to conventional monitoring practice. They will be missing randomization date, missing screening date, illogical date, censoring, death and tumor response. These kinds of data is involved with data integrity and data accuracy, and may has potential effect on survival data. Abnormal events in each target of every site will be counted and corresponding proportion will be calculated.Test for difference between proportions Proportion metrics of each site will be compared with other sites by calculating t statistics and corresponding p-value. Sites with p-value (two-tailed) Poisson loglinear turnaround For rare events (proportion metrics in sites are generally v ery low), Poisson loglinear infantile fixation will be implied to obtain point estimate and confidence interval (CI) of risk ratio (RR) in each site. CI of RR does not get hold of 1 will be considered as risk factor, and site will be marked by risk flag.5.3 Model validation and generalizationApply the monitoring model on a real clinical trial dataset of which the risks have already known. Risk sites are expected to be marked with risk flag, and the opposite for sites without risks. Accuracy of the model will be tested by calculating sensitivity and specificity.In order to generalize the risk model for application on clinical trial data, tight-laced metrics and corresponding statistical methods will be chosen to strike higher accuracy and balance sensitivity and specificity. For example, if missing data proportions in sites are generally high, test for comparison between proportions will be used to identify risk site however, if missing data proportion in each site is generally l ow, then missing data count will be considered as the appropriate metric and Poisson loglinear degeneration will be allocated.5.4 SAS ProgrammingStatistical software applied to this wander will be SAS, version 9.3. All the procedures will be touch by SAS program. Macros will be utilized to make the program reusable. operate charts of SAS programming logic are listed in Appendix B.5.5 DatasetDataset is from a real clinical trial data. Risk information of dataset is already known. Dataset will be used for external validation of the model.6.Expected outcomesEstablish a risk model for central statistical monitoring of survival data in clinical trials.Generate a SAS program reusable and applicable in pharmaceutical industries and CROs.Write an article for graduation.ReferencesBaigent C, Harrell FE, Buyse M, Emberson JR, Altman DG. Ensuring trial validity by data quality assurance and diversification of monitoring methods. Clinical Trials 2008 February 015(1)49-55.Eisenstein EL, Colli ns R, Cracknell BS, Podesta O, Reid ED, Sandercock P, et al. Sensible approaches for minify clinical trial costs. Clinical Trials 2008 February 015(1)75-84.Morrison BW, Cochran CJ, White JG, Harley J, Kleppinger CF, Liu A, et al. Monitoring the quality of conduct of clinical trials a survey of current practices. Clinical Trials 2011 June 018(3)342-349.FDA. Guidance for Industry Oversight of Clinical InvestigationsA Risk-Based Approach to Monitoring. 2013 August.Venet D, Doffagne E, Burzykowski T, Beckers F, Tellier Y, Genevois-Marlin E, et al. A statistical approach to central monitoring of data quality in clinical trials. Clinical Trials 2012 December 019(6)705-713.Pogue JM, Devereaux P, Thorlund K, Yusuf S. Central statistical monitoring Detecting fraud in clinical trials. Clinical Trials 2013 April 0110(2)225-235.Buyse M, George SL, Evans S, Geller NL, Ranstam J, Scherrer B, et al. The role of biostatistics in the prevention, detection and treatment of fraud in clinical trials. Stat Med 1999 Dec 3018(24)3435-3451.Bakobaki JM, Rauchenberger M, Joffe N, McCormack S, Stenning S, Meredith S. The potential for central monitoring techniques to replace on-site monitoring findings from an international multi-centre clinical trial. Clinical Trials 2012 April 019(2)257-264.Kirkwood AA, cox T, Hackshaw A. Application of methods for central statistical monitoring in clinical trials. Clinical Trials 2013 October 0110(5)783-806.FDA. Guidance for Industry Clinical Trial Endpoints for the Approval of Cancer Drugs and Biologics. 2007 May. uncommitted at http//www.cdisc.org/CDISC-Vision-and-Mission.Appendix AAppendix B1

Honey And Mumford Learning Style

H championy And Mumford Learning portIt is normally mootd that closely pack nominate a orientation with regards to interacting with, taking in and processing education to allow them to scan (Smith, 2003). Different people adopt disparate discipline styles where an optimum style allows the individual to learn take up. The concept of individualised reading styles has gained a great deal of popularity in recent years unceasingly since the idea was proposed in the 1970s. To booking, on that point has been a massive abundance of trys that brush aside be performed to assess a soulfulnesss reading style (Sprenger, 2003).The project is split into two portionsPart A To secern and analyze my nurture style picks by dint of various questionnaires the VARK chiffoniervas, H singley and Mumford encyclopedism style, Myer Briggs Type exponent (MBTI) and Belbins team up inventory. Prem and Phil stated that Learning shanghais performance beca mathematical function all per formance quarter be meliorated through and through reading. (Prem Phil, 2008). Thus, this allows me to gain an understanding of who I am as a learner and how this association may affect my performances, twain individually or at bottom a team environment.Part B To discuss my psycheality fount and how my learning style may affect my c atomic number 18er choices. However, it is worth noting that although individualality is a vi equal to(p) contributor to learning, it is unman historic period fit to define (Davies, 2008). Sigmund Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to explain the complexity of human race personality by suggesting that closely of the personality is hidden out of plenitude under water (Freud, 2003). Hence, identifying ones personality is not an easy t pack, and mental tests should lone(prenominal) be used as a starting point rather than as a way of life to book definite judgements (Bayne, 1997). Nonethe little, my results get out give a general idea of a public life field that most intimately match my personality and strengths.Part 1 Who I am as a learner?1.1 VARK TestThe VARK test is one of the most commonly used models to musical accompanimenter identify an individuals preference for receiving and analysing organic evolution with regards to learning. It stop help people to develop plusal learning strategies. There be iv modes for people to use, such as visual, aural, read/write and kinaesthetic (VARK, 2009). It is a frame guide to assess a persons learning style.The results of the VARK test (Appendix A) suggest that my strengths in a learning context rest on my aural skills. I arrive a strong preference for aural ground learning since I alike(p) to listen to others during discussion to gain a dissimilar perspective which allows me to understand more(prenominal) of the topic being discussed. My conclave gibe admits with this by saying Although Yin vocal is normally quiet during chemical group activities, she is an dynamic listener of other peoples views and cares about other peoples thoughts, (Vicky, 2010).Another part of the test results that I situationly agree with is that my written/reading skills quite weak and isnt my like method of learning. Having only recently moved to study in the UK, English is not my prototypal language which could explain why this type of learning is not one of my main strengths, although my proficiency is improving a lot. Since, the western educational system places a lot of emphasis on reading and writing, I hope that I get out gain a lot of improvement in this learning prospect as era goes on with added practice.However, I am a bit surprised by my low target on my kinesthetic skills. I exhaust invariably thought that I am someone that learns well when given the chance to experience something via a mountains on flack. For example, I find that I am able-bodied to pick up modernistic skills easily (i.e. badminton) when I am able to phys ically try it out rather than vertical reading from a book on how to play.1.2 Honey and Mumford Learning StyleThe Honey and Mumfords (1992) Learning Style identifies and categorises an individuals learning style. There are four-spot possible styles an activist, reflecting telescope, theorist and pragmatist, with a total of eighty questions in the test (Honey and Mumford, 1992). concord to the results of the Honey and Mumford learning style questionnaire (Appendix B) I adopt a heights reflector mentality. I agree with the majority of the description of the reflector which I believe amply describes me. A Reflector is a too-careful person who prefers to take a back plaza in group discussions (Honey and Mumford, 1992). I like to listen to other peoples views forrader I fetch to conclusions and take my time before making any decisions. macrocosm less imperative and tending to hold back from participation, I believe that I allow ply well and learn more efficiently if put al most an activist, as one would be able to encourage me to draw rein situations via a more head on approach. This would enhance my participation in group activities and discussions.In agreement with my VARK results, the Honey and Mumford test suggests that I am a unspoiled listener which is one of the strengths of a reflector. I in full moon agree with this since I have always been someone that likes to listen to e very(prenominal)one in the group thoughtfully. This gives me an prospect to gain different perspectives from different angles before I roll in the hay to conclusions.However, a possible weakness that I tell in myself by being a reflector is that I spend a long time when performing rectify tasks. For example, during my last assignment, it took me in pleonastic of two months to complete it as I was dwelling too a great deal on the preparation stage. I spent too long researching information before I finally began writing my assignment which is due to my care with r egards to deciding how to write it.Although I do show a vigilant mentality, I dont fully agree with the description that a person with reflector behavior never likes to take risks. I occasionally like to mensuration out of my comfort zone to experience things that I have never experienced before to broaden my have got companionship. For example, I chose to leave my shell and familiar surroundings in Hong Kong to study in the UK. I overly like to take up activities and hobbies that I have never move before.1.3 Myers Briggs Type IndicatorThe Myer Briggs type Indicator (MBTI) is a questionnaire used to identify an individuals personality type based on Carl Jung theories. MBTI categorises individuals into two functions, such as extraversion or introversion which is the preference in which an individual prefers to leave their energy (Madeline Rebecca, 1988). For example, one that likes to direct their energy to deal with outer things, situations or other people is deemed to hav e a preference for extraversion. Conversely, a person that likes to deal with ideas, information, explanations or the inner world, then their preference is introversion.The results of the MBTI (Appendix C) suggest that I have a dominant introverted function, with a high preference for introverted sensing as show by my high score in ISFJ. These results show that I like to listen to others and to absorb as much information as possible in a particular situation, to expand my k nowledge and to make a clear understanding of a topic. These compliment well with my results from the Honey and Mumford test mentioned above.The results excessively suggest that I am a hard running(a) individual, which I feel describes me well. I like to start early and ensure that I perform tasks to the better(p) of my ability. Regarding my academic life, I tend to study at least quintette hours a day. I alike begin my research for assignments long before the deadline. For example, although this profession al project is due for submission in April 2010, I have been preparing and doing the necessary reading since October 2009.The MBTI results as well as suggest that I have an great preference for extraverted feeling, as exhibit by my high ESFJ score. I am someone that likes to focus on building harmony in the world around me and build positive relationships. Also, I always measure out other peoples contributions during work or other activities. My previous employer s caution Sung Yin is a very personable individual that is popular with the customers and staff which makes a very positive atmosphere around the place, (Mrs Poon, 2008).I volition always try to persuade people to agree with my views if their opinions are different to mine. However, I always conduct to be careful not to offend those around me while trying to do so. Briggs Myers stated that although ESFJs are friendly and sympathetic, they are very persevering and insist that others share the same views as them. (Myers , 1995).1.4 Belbin team InventoryThe Belbin Team Inventory is a test used to forecast insight into a persons behavioural tendency in a team environment (Furnham, Steele Pendleton, 1993). The test allows us the opportunity to determine not only our individual aptitude strengths, but also gives an awareness of our position indoors a team and how we are expected to contribute. It scores people based on how strongly they express traits from nine different team roles. (Belbin, 1981).According to my Belbin test results (Appendix D), I have a major preference for a role as a shaper within a team. A shaper contains behavioural traits that cor act to my results from the MBTI. For example, a shaper displays a admit to succeed and to overcome obstacles which complements my liking to fulfil my ambitions and follow my clear goals. Although I display reflector singularitys, I also see myself as a combative individual that thrives on squash and challenges, which forms the basis of the sha per role. My high school P.E teacher wrote on my school report Sung Yin has demonstrated her competitive side during badminton class and has the necessary personality and entrust to depart a redeeming(prenominal) player in the sport in future, (Mr. Yeung, 2001).The results also show that I am a monitor evaluator suggesting that I am an individual that likes to evaluate all options before coming to a conclusion, which allows me to make accurate judgements. This agrees with my Honey and Mumford test results which say that I am one who likes to gain different perspectives in discussion before making decisions (being a reflector).Finally, the test results also consider me to have a preference for a medical specialist role that displays single mindedness and dedication. These are traits that I agree with since I am a rather stubborn person that doesnt like to change my mind once I have my mind set on something. Mr Robinson, my previous employer said Sung Yin is a very compulsive pe rson with a clear path with where she wants to be and is un in all probability that she will be swayed from it, (Mr. Robinson, 2007). I am always dedicated to my tasks at hand and always give my best to do them as well as I suffer. This has allowed me to develop my skills and knowledge to a level that means I hobo give a recyclable contribution within a team.Despite what I feel is a fairly accurate judgement of my preferential roles within a team, I do not fully agree with a resource investigator being my least preferred role. This is because I believe that I am a communicative person which is a find out trait of the resource resource investigator. As demonstrated by previous test results, I am a person that inducees strong aural skills. Despite regularly adopting a cautious approach to group discussion activities (in line with my reflector personality), I like to ask questions and participate in activities once I feel comfortable nice to express my views once I have gauged o ther peoples viewpoints.Part 2 Implications for passage choice2.1 Lifelong LearningEven from a unseasoned age, I have always been aware of the importance of learning new things to broaden my own knowledge base having been constantly reminded by my parents to work hard till old, and to learn till old. With an ever changing ships beau monde and increasing demand for talent in any professional career, it is required that an individual should not only acquire new skills, but to also constantly upgrade these skills to meet challenges set by the changing work environment. This is the act of life-long learning which is the deliberate progression throughout life of an individual, where our knowledge is constantly being expanded which allows us to effectively survive in society (Peter, jennet and Shelagh, 1998). The essentiality of life-long learning has been well documented heretofore as early as the 17th century where Comenius wrote that no age is too late to begin learning. And that one should never make the luxate of standing still in terms of skill acquisition (Comenius, 1996). finished my practical experience and life in general, I have come to the realization that continuous learning is a necessity to maintain a competitive advantage over the legion(predicate) individuals that seek the same career opportunities as me. Hence, I search for any opportunities to improve myself through life-long learning.With my desire to improve, I have recently resigned from my art to study my bachelors degree in Northumbria University. Prior to my resignation and subsequent move to partake in full time studies, I worked three years in the Bank of chinaware as a Customer Service Officer (Appendix E). During that time, I was working full-time, while studying odd-job(prenominal) during evenings by attending studying classes. The part-time study has allowed me to develop many key fruit skills to heighten my proficiency in doing my job in minimal time. This is historic be cause of the current unstable and competitive job market. It has now become a requirement for me to identify a clear career path for me to pursue and then to develop my knowledge towards the relevant areas to fulfil the needs of my future employers. I am now studying an International Business Management degree course with the inclination to achieve a future career in the business sector. Life-long learning will help me provide a solid base for the development of essential negotiable skills (as discussed later) that would stick to me throughout life and to aid me in the progression towards my career goals. It is also of the essence(predicate) for making me a kick downstairs person. After all it is the bottom rung of the ladder of personal development. (Peter, Jenny and Shelagh, 1998). 2.2 Career ChoiceHaving conducted various learning style tests on myself, I have been able to gain a better understanding of my learning preferences, personality and environments where I am liable( predicate) to thrive upon. It is expected that keen an individuals learning style preference may help that person to pass a possible career path that is best suited for them, or even influence that person towards certain career choices. Indeed, it is common for managers to use questionnaires to identify ideal personality traits in their candidates that would most probably be suited for their jobs which would aid them in the selection process. However, it is worth noting that human behaviour is super complex, and such tests may not necessarily give an accurate or thorough assessment of an individuals personality (Freud, 2001). Hence, results of these tests should not be held commanding and should only be used as a guideline to aid a person with regards to making key decisions such as possible career paths to take. Despite obvious drawbacks with victimization these tests, I agree with most of the suggestions make by them regarding my learning preferences and some aspects of my p ersonality. In terms of employment, through my practical experiences, I have developed a strong desire to pursue a career in Marketing. The skills I have acquired to date have largely influenced my interest towards this career path which, together with my personality, has made me consider that I possess the raw foundations to succeed in the merchandising sector. In a survey carried out by Honey and Mumford, it was found that the majority of managers preferred employees that are reflectors for Marketing jobs a trait that they believe would bring the biggest success to their company. Having carried out a Honey and Mumford test on myself, it was terminated that I am a strong reflector, which makes me aptly worthy for Marketing.Reflectors such as myself likes to adopt a cautious approach during group activities. This means that I tend to take an initial back seat in group discussions, preferring to obtain different viewpoints before making key decisions. Being cautious, can also invo lve thinking forrader in anticipation of possible obstacles. With marketing jobs, it is distinguished not to rush into decisions without first thinking and planning ahead. This is because, with the nature of the type of work, it is inevitable that there will be lean periods so hence, it is especially wise to be vigilant for such periods and to have a plan to act accordingly. For example, a part of planning ahead is anticipation of changes in the markets and finding new products to promote. It is weighty to be aware that the best marketing entrepreneurs are always facial expression for the next big money marker. They are always planning ahead (Scott Brooks, 2004). Hence, having a cautious approach to things can be a good trait as it means that I am less likely to make wrong decisions due to rushing into things and take necessary precautions. My Belbin results that conclude that I have a strong preference towards a varan evaluator who likes to evaluate all options before coming t o conclusions adds further support of my suitability for a Marketing career.The ability to remain calm is one of the most sought after personality traits in the Retail profession, (John, 2007). insisting can come in different ways, for example, when dealing with unhappy customers who are dissatisfied with the products sold to the It is the job of the marketer to deal with the problem and to cure the customers opinion of the company. Hence, to achieve this, it is essential to remain calm under pressure when dealing with these situations. With marketing jobs, it is also important to be able to respond well and appropriately to strict targets and deadlines that are set and to work towards them, which can also lead to pressure building up. My Belbin test results suggest that I am suited towards a shaper role which is another yard why I feel that a Marketing career is suitable for me. Shapers are adept at performing under pressurising situations and with the added drive to succeed. Th is is important since there is a lot of competition within the market. Only when you have your client on your side, are you able to effectively get what you want. (John, 2007). I believe this quote highlights what a career in Marketing is fundamentally all about. Success within the field of Marketing and Retail is highly dependent on your clients or customers which means that good people skills allowing you to yoke effectively with both colleagues and customers is essential. On a personality level, it is advantageous to be a likeable person which can involve being a pleasant individual with a cheery disposition. You are more likely to be able to negotiate better if your client likes you, (Scott Brooks, 2004). My MBTI results have exposit me as having a strong preference towards extroverted feeling which means that I like to build positive relationships with people around me and to create harmony around me. This, in my opinion has contributed largely to me being a personable indivi dual. The benefits of this personality trait are two-fold. Firstly, I would be able to sell my products to customers more easily since they are likely to find me a pleasant person. Secondly, I am more likely to be on the right side of my work colleagues and so they may be more likely to offer me their help. Having identified a career field that best suit my personality as based on my personality tests, I seek to achieve a future career as a Marketing manager. A job of this kind would allow me the responsibility to make key decisions that will influence the success of the company. I crave the opportunity to manage a team, and to give a major contribution to the company that I work for. A self-made career as a Marketing manager demands certain personality traits in addition to those mentioned above. For example, it is important that a Marketing Manager (Appendix F) is one that, not only is able to make accurate judgement, but also needs to stand by these judgements and not be too eas ily influenced by other peoples words. In other words, they need to be prepared to ignore naysayers, even if its those that are closest to them. (Scott Brooks, 2004). Hence, being brave and also single minded can be seen as a requirement in this sense. The Belbin test results have identified me as being a specialist where the key characteristic of this role is single mindedness. With me being a naturally stubborn person who doesnt usually change my mind having made my decisions, I believe I am suitable for this particular career choice.2.3 Transferable skillsIn addition to the right personality and job specialized skills, a wise employer will also look to see what transferable skills a perspective employee can offer. The term transferable skills simply refers to a set of generic skills in which an individual needs in order to be effective members of a flexible, adaptable and competitive work force and for life-long learning. At the heart of it all, most employers are looking for pe ople with common skills and characteristics. (Phil OReilly, 2009). Unlike job specific skills, transferable skills can be used in many ways, gained through past experiences. They are skills that can be used in a variety of jobs and situations. In order to be successful in Marketing, there is a repertoire of skills that are required for me to effectively do my job which include time management, people skills, leadership, teamwork and good organisational skills, amongst others.Marketing jobs rely on the ability to sell products through interaction with a variety of different customers. Hence, good communication skills are essential. As identified by my VARK test results, I have strong aural skills that would be especially useful in Marketing since the job demands that I have a good understanding of customers needs. Being a good listener, and also someone that likes to see things from different perspectives, this would allow me to communicate effectively with my clients. My ability to communicate well has been greatly developed through my past employment as a Customer Service Representative at the Bank of China and closed-door tutor, teaching Maths and various languages to children. Therefore, good communication now represents one of my key strengths. I am tri-lingual heavy(a) me versatility in my communication skills allowing me to berate with a wider customer range. Good presentation skills is also an important aspect of communication skill that is required in my future career since it is likely that It would be needed when promoting new products for instance. Fortunately, my presentational skills have been greatly deepen over time through past experience in giving presentations during my past employment and current studies. Having a good understanding of the products that I am promoting and any new products on the market is also very important in Marketing. Hence, it is necessary to have good research skills and also to have an open mind with regards to le arning new material. Being a reflector means that I happy to absorb information from many different angles and use it to make my decisions, while being a specialist as identified by my Belbin test results suggests that I have a natural eagerness to learn and expand my knowledge in topics at hand. As I am likely to be working within a team in my workforce with similar targets, there is no doubt that good teamwork skills are a requirement. I believe that I possess good teamwork capabilities having already been in employment where good teamwork is a must, such as working with my colleagues in the promotion and deriving of oecumenical financial plans during my previous job. I also actively partake in various teamwork sports that have allowed me to effectively build on my teamwork skills. It is my target to achieve a career as a Marketing manager in future, which will demand additional skills in order to be successful such as leadership and ability to motivate myself and others within m y team. Being a Marketing manager will mean that I will receive greater responsibility, managing a team or making key decisions that will affect company success. Although I believe that I possess an ideal personality to undertake such a role in a company, I feel that I will need to improve myself further before I am ready. With regards to transferable skills, I believe my biggest weakness lies in my leadership qualities, being a less assertive individual that likes to hold back from participation in group activities. I understand that if I am to be a good leader, I will need to improve this aspect by playing a more prominent role in group activities and essentially stamping my authority. I do not fully agree with the notion that leadership is a quality that cant be taught, and some people are ripe born leaders. I feel that leadership is a skill that can be improved through life-long learning and experience hence I will thrive to improve myself in this respect. As with all skills, t hey need to be learnt and no-one is born with them. (Phil OReilly, 2009). ConclusionLife-long learning is an essential process for me to learn new skills and also to improve existing ones. It is also highly important for my personal development towards being a better person, and one that is able to adapt to an ever changing world. The constant acquirement of new transferable skills is also vital for career progression and to give myself a competitive advantage over those thriving for the same opportunities as myself. By using a variety of different tests, I have gained an appreciation of my own personality, learning preferences and strengths. This information, together with my interests makes me ideally suited for a future career in the Marketing field.