Comparative Essay Of 4 Poems Essay

In this essay I will be talking about the comparison of characters in the following poems: Mother any distance, Havisham, The Laboratory and My Last Duchess. When we first look at these poems they all have something in common, they are all about relationships. Mother any distance is about a mother and son relationship, Havisham shows a failed relationship with her fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, The Laboratory shows a relationship in shreds that leads to the use of poison and finally My Last Duchess shows the differences between two people in a relationship and what it can lead to. The structure in Mother any distance is approximately sonnet length but not exactly, this could show that it is a loving relationship but in a different way, as it is a mother and son. This shows that they are very close to each other. Havisham on the other hand has 4 x 4 line stanzas and is very precise. This could mean that it has been rehearsed over the years and she knows exactly what to say. The Laboratory is very different from Havisham structure wise as it has 12 stanzas varying in length and split up. This shows that she is making it up as she goes along. Finally My Last Duchess is only1 stanza, which adds more flow to the overall piece. The duke in my last duchess is a rich, handsome man who believes that he deserves to be treated better than anyone else. When talking to an envoy he recalls the story of how his wife acted and that he had her killed because she treated everyone equally not just him and was quite flirtatious. The duke can be compared to the poisoner in The Laboratory as they both are involved in death/murder. The poisoner however wants revenge on her husband as he is cheating on her. Compared to the duke the poisoner acts much less calm and more psychotic. The idea of revenge also appears in Havisham, she is an old woman who was jilted on her wedding day. She now hates all men and wishes to have her revenge on the man that ruined her life. Havisham uses bitter and twisted language to portray her emotions. As with all of these poems love appears somewhere and it is the same with Mother any distance but this time with a mother and son. The writer uses measurements and distances to show a parting relationship, as the son is moving into a new house. Havisham and The Laboratory are very similar if we look at thoughts and attitudes. They both show strong hatred/anger and they both want revenge so much that they seem to turn psychotic with insanity. Mother and my last duchess on the other hand are possessive and controlling. The mother wants her son to stay and always tries to help him as she thinks he needs a second pair of hands. The duke tries to control his wife and expects her to let her beauty speak not her mouth. â€Å"Seen not heard† and thought that she would respect his 900-year-old name. The difference though is that the duke acts very calm about it all so much so that it almost justifies his actions. In conclusion all 4 poems are related to each other yet are about different subjects. My last duchess shows the duke seeing his wife as an object not a person. The laboratory shows how far people will go to get revenge. In Havisham we see the effect of breaking someones heart and finally we see how we need to let go of those who we love and let them make their own path.

Homeland Security Essay

Homeland Security is a cabinet level agency in the federal government. Its birth came after the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001. Its main goals were to deter terrorism on U. S. soil and the safety of the American infrastructure. It has been reported many times the trouble this department is having getting off the ground. â€Å"Hardly a day goes by without some fresh report on a contract gone bad, a new technology that does not work, a new Coast Guard cutter that is not seaworthy, or more cargo that slips through port without inspection† (Light, 2007). Every year new assessments of the department including Congress, the 9/11 Commission and the departments own inspector general gives it low grades for job satisfaction, management, and leadership. Just some of the problems it is having are high turnover, internal bureaucratic struggles and structural problems. So with all that said it is having problems reaching many of its outlined goals. It still needs funding, authority, better strategy for protecting American soil, personnel, better screening at airports for passengers and employees, and better technology to find weapons such as explosives. Improved intelligence capabilities are probably the most important. Border security issues were the founding fathers main focus when he was with the agency and I am in agreement. Securing our countries boarders on a daily basis is the Homeland security’s main concern. The military that has done that job up until now but with the world being global we need to separate the two and give each their own set of ground rules to operate at an optimum level. The merging of immigration and customs enforcement can only help in making this department function at a level the American public can be proud of with the goals of this office being completed (Magleby, O’Brien, Light, Peltason, & Cronin, 2006). Even with all its imperfections I still believe that it is a needed department in our government. A somewhat more rigid department to handle military type action on homeland soil was needed and was realized on 9/11. We had been living in a glass house and it was just a matter of time. The partnership it is creating with state and local governments especially with intelligence from federal sources will build a safer America. After the disaster of Katrina in 2005 it was more obvious that this newly formed department would need some redesign in its structure. But I think with having Homeland Security it will help to build a better military. This would allow more forces to be deployed outside our borders when needed. I think now if Homeland Security had been up to par, would we still be in Iraq or would the troops the Republicans so desperately want to send be there and back by now? Reference: Light, P. (2007, Spring). The homeland security hash. Wilson Quarterly, 31(2). Magleby, D. B. , O’Brien, D. , Light, P. , Peltason, J. W. , & Cronin, T. E. (2006). Government by the People: National, State, and Local 21st. Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

John Corvino and Glenn Stanton on Same Sex Marriage Essay

Same sex relationships have been a controversial issue now in 21st century and marriage is coming along the way. In the United States, when the issue of same sex marriage was brought up, many homosexuals are in a hurry to marry and become actual parents with legislative support but many states banned it. As a result, numerous gay activists and supporters battle in a debate for same sex marriage. John Corvino, gay activist, and Glenn Stanton, researcher and staff of Focus on the Family, have been travelling in the country and passionately fighting for the acceptance of gay marriage and parenting. In John Corvino’s Same Sex: Debating the Ethics, Science and Culture of Homosexuality, he presented different views from theologians, scientists, philosophers, historians, and lesbian and gay scholars. He showed a bigger picture of what is homosexuality, what is its history, and what are the factors that influence or hindrance it. In one of the chapters under Science and Identity, the possible biological origins of homosexuality are explained. Sexual orientation, as many argued is affected by biological foundations but is not merely determined by it but also but experiential factors. Many studies have implied results that some individuals are born with homosexual brains while others’ sexuality is later modified through experience. However, being homosexual should not about the lack of choice or heredity but of gay and lesbian rights in key areas: justice, privacy, equality, and liberty (Corvino 111). On Marriage on Trial: The Case Against Same Sex Marriage and Parenting, Glenn Stanton together with Bill Maier—another staff of Focus on the Family and also a child and family psychologist presented a strong argument on why same sex marriage should be allowed as a right for homosexuals. The two authors specifically designed the book as â€Å"equipping manual† or a defence toll to enable gays and lesbians in responding and reasoning to defend same-sex marriage (Stanton and Maier 9). The manual provided â€Å"accurate information† about homosexuality on how to answer the questions that may gay people are looking for. Questions such as â€Å"What’s wrong with letting homosexuals marry? ,† â€Å"How would homosexuals threaten other families? ,† and â€Å"Wouldn’t gay marriage make for a more open and equitable society? † are aimed to answer and guide same-sex couples into fighting for their right and actually having their families by understanding the nature of homosexuality first and by learning its historical evidences. Both authors fight for the same cause but used different attacks. Corvino presented a more wide and critical information through science and ethics without mixing the two. Although many studies revealed that sexuality is developed by genetics or experience, it is still an inconclusive matter since no one has ever seen how sexual orientation is represented on the brain. Corvino provided its readers such integrity, passion, and rationality by not mixing science and religion or to simply conclude that gays and lesbians become who they are due to violence they experience from gay community. Its approach to same sex marriage is not limited to debate and arguments by wide array of information such as its history, psychology, family, religion, and legality. Stanton, on the other hand, encourages and empowers gays and lesbians to fight for same-sex marriage not merely because they want to but because it is their right to marry and have a family as human beings. He gave sound political statements that could uplift the spirit of its readers and he also debunked the numerous myths about gays such as genetics, lifestyle, and threats. Both authors have provided arguments that are strong and critical assessment of sex-marriage and homosexuality without overly becoming biased on gays and lesbians. Works Cited Corvino, John. Same Sex: Debating the Ethics, Science and Culture of Homosexuality. Rowman and Littlefield, 1999. Stanton, Glenn and Maier, Bill. Marriage on Trial: The Case Against Same Sex Marriage and Parenting. InterVarsity Press, 2004.

Future Issues in Operations Management (Continued) Essay

Future Issues in Operations Management (Continued) - Essay Example Chambers recalled that Cisco has used these evolving technologies to its advantage to gain a larger share of the market and prepare a series of products that captures a greater market share. This type of advancement can be seen in another key industry that is seldom considered for RFID Technological advancements: warehousing. La Scalia et al. (2010) present research that suggests a complex issue with warehousing application that reduces efficiency lies in the Stock Keeping Units. These SKUs have a quantity that is often assumed as opposed to actually quantified which is where RFID Technology can be utilized to advance the information systems and present a more accurate stock keeping database and process for greater warehousing production. Furthermore, RFID technologies are a cornerstone to advancement in operational and supply chain management whereby information accuracy, storage and evaluation is essential to improved efficiency (Ngai, 2009). Without these technologies, Chambers mentions that companies risk falling behind the competition and losing a large share of the market profits. Through RFID Technologies simple processes by these various industries can be greatl y improved and companies will show very large financial and efficiency benefits as long as they are implemented correctly. La Scalia, G., Aiello, G., Enea, M., & Micale, R. (2010). Preliminary analysis of warehouse localization systems based on rfid technology. International Journal of RF Technologies: Research and Applications, 2(1),

Marketing Action Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Action Plan - Research Paper Example For the analysis, a healthy FMCG snacks products has been selected. The company is new in the market and does not have a huge capital to use the promotional mix together. As a new comer in the market the company should focus on its budget. It is important for a new brand to create more and more awareness among the customers by raising the reach of the promotion. But new brand has some budget constraints also. After analysis of all the factors some strategic action plan has been discussed in the report. Discussion Action Plan 1: For availing maximum number of customers it is important for the company to provide television advertisement but as the budget constraint prevails, the company would focus on newspaper advertisement first as newspaper is the second important media through which maximum people can be approached. For the FMCG products it is important to select the newspaper that is mostly popular in urban and rural area both. It should target the mass customers for its products. The elements of the good layout are Border, Heading, price, color, signature, creativity. Using more of whitespace encourages the differentiation of the advertisement from the cloud of all other ads but it is advisable to keep a minimum white space as the company’s budget is low. The company logo should be used in the top of the newspaper add. The ad will be given in 3rd or 4th page of the newspaper and not in the front page as it is costly to give ad in the front page of the newspaper. In the content the price, product details should be given (Rossiter,p. 34). Action Plan 2: The local business should be formed strongly. Developing local business means strengthening the network with the local distribution channels. The FMCG market largely depends on the distributors and word of mouth communication. The company can apply pull strategy which is known as a short term strategy for increasing the sales. In the pull strategy, the company provides more commission than its competito r to keep their products in the distributor’s house. Action 3: Social Media is a very effective tool for any new comer. Uploading an ad in you-tube or face book is a common phenomenon of doing business. It is to be noted that the cost is very minimum in this media but the reach is maximum. The snacks item is the low fat healthy item that can target the health conscious young generation. The young generation throughout the world is the major user of the social media. The 3 minutes ad can be enough to win billions hearts. Action 4: The radio advertisement has a worldwide demand. In developing countries the radio advertisements had high influence in the rural consumer’s mind. The radio advertisement is costly but it is not that costly like television advertisement. Initially, the radio advertisement should have a pulsing schedule. A month later they should focus on non-continuous advertisement schedule. Initially it should come mainly in the evening schedule at least betw een three programs. Later on for the purpose of reduction of cost, the ad should be given in special circumstances like in between any major games or in between special programs. Action 5: The mobile marketing tool is also highly efficient tool for a new comer. The cost is relatively low for mobile marketing. In this case, company should have a tie up with the major telecom service provider. As the company is new comer in the market, it is suggested to have a tie up with

Synthesizing Sodium Ferrate Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Synthesizing Sodium Ferrate - Lab Report Example NaClO is an active component of bleach. Very concentrated solutions of bleach are used as â€Å"liquid chlorine† for swimming pools. NOTE: This synthesis will be performed in the fume hood. The solution will be very basic, so goggles will always be worn while performing this synthesis. Any solution got on hands will be immediately washed with soap and water. 20 mL of commercial bleach is to be poured into a 50 mL beaker. A stirring bar will be added to the beaker and placed on a stir plate. 10 g of NaOH pellets will be added to the beaker of bleach and stirring will be begun. This is an exothermic reaction so the beaker will get warm. 0.50 mL of 0.30 M FeCl3 will be pipetted using the plastic pipette into the dissolved NaOH solution while it is still warm. The mixture will be allowed to stir for approximately 10 minutes. The solution will be allowed to cool for another 3-5 minutes. The formation of the Na2FeO4 will cause the solution to appear purple. Any foam that appears on the surface will have to be removed by blotting with a paper towel. A suction filtration apparatus will be assembled with due consultation of the GSA). A sintered glass filter will be used on top of the vacuum filtration flask, the vacuum will be turned on and the sodium ferrate solution will be added slowly. ... The volume of ferrate solution that was prepared using a graduated cylinder will be measured. The sodium ferrate solution will be stored in a plastic bottle. The bottle will be labeled with this information; Name of the Team Manager, â€Å"Sodium ferrate in water†, concentration of sodium ferrate (will be determined later), date, and the lab section number. Part 2. Calculation of the Percent Yield of Ferrate Produced In the reaction that was just performed, FeCl3 was the limiting reagent. After the theoretical yield (review is on pages133-139 in the textbook, Tro 2nd edition) of sodium ferrate has been calculated in moles, its theoretical concentration, in molarity (M) will be determined with the help of the total volume of solution that was measured in the Part 1. The actual concentration of sodium ferrate in the solution will be calculated with the help of the spectrophotometer and Beer’s Law. The SpectraVis spectrometer will be calibrated with the help of a cuvette o f DI water. The SpectraVis should be in full spectrum mode when calibrating. The DI water will be removed with a plastic pipette so that all the water droplets from the inside corners as well as from the sides of the cuvette can be removed. The sodium ferrate solution will be added to the cuvette (slightly more than half full). The absorbance of the sodium ferrate solution will be recorded at 510 nm. NOTE: If the absorbance at 510 nm gets above 1.5, the ferrate solution in the cuvette will be diluted (not the original solution) until the absorbance is between 1.0 and 1.5. The volume of ferrate solution that was diluted as well as the amount of water which was added to calculate the concentration of the original ferrate solution will be kept track of. The ferrate solution will be

Mid-Term Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mid-Term - Essay Example She loves new experiences, unstructured work activities and creative space. This means that her qualities suit any industry that involves a great deal of interactions, communication and creativity. This includes marketing and advertising, product development, design (both fashion and industrial), teaching, research, social work, and information technology (IT). These fields will exploit Chris’s strengths and allow her to thrive. She will also have the opportunity to make a difference, directly and indirectly, to people’s lives. Research is a highly demanding career that involves spending a lot of time alone. This will compliment Chris’s introverted nature and allow her to be in her element. While pursuing research, she can use her progressive, out-of-the-box mindset, investigative traits, analytical skills, dynamism, and vision to conduct research that can change the lives of people around the world. Her introverted nature would be ideal for laboratory work, since most research involves conducting lab experiments, analyzing data, and establishing and decoding patterns and relationships. As a teacher, Chris can use her analytical skills to engage her students and to develop new pedagogical methods that improve their learning experience. She is also likely to benefit from the psychological dimension of teaching, which involves evaluating students to determine their strengths and weaknesses and how to improve their performances. Her affinity for new experiences, goal-setting and time-consciousness, and creativity will allow her to carry out her teaching duties at the highest possible standards. Finally, since she is a visionary, she can inspire her students to work harder and improve so that they can achieve their goals. She would find assisting students grow and develop a highly fulfilling endeavor. Chris needs a workplace where she can participate in social, investigative, and artistic activities. Her investigative nature requires

Shear Strength Tests Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shear Strength Tests - Lab Report Example Top and bottom was joined using shear screws half of the shear box and solid 3mm plate was placed at the bottom of the shear box then the height d1 from the top of the plate to the bottom shear box was measured. A container containing sand weighing 0.1g was poured evenly into the Shear box from 5cm height 10mm from the top. The scraper was used to level the sand, and the weight of the sand sample within the shear box was measured. The thickness of the second plate 3mm plate, tp, and its weight was measured and recorded. Vernier ruler was used to measuring the distance from the top of the plate to top of the box at all 4 corners to 0.1mm then the average was recorded as d2. Sample volume, weight, density, and porosity was calculated. The computation of the porosity was based on sands grains possessing relative density Gs of 2.65.1.2  Loading the Sample Vertically  The Piston was weighed and gently placed on the top plate, and the vertical loading hanger was aligned onto the piston . The Vertical spindle was gently threaded until in contact with the piston. The locking nut was adjusted to keep the spindle in place and the load was placed on the lower hanger through turning handle. The lower hanger lever gave a 10 times multiplication of the load at the loading point, and the weight were recorded.1.3. Readying Sample for Shearing  The screws were joining the top and the bottom half of the box was removed, and all the dials were set to zero to ensure they fully engage and the coefficients value for each division was recorded.

Sustainable Management Futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sustainable Management Futures - Essay Example However, they just hold a minimum of 12% of directorships and 22% of senior management positions. The report also shows that companies with more women workforce on the management outperform those with few women directors. This neglecting of the consideration of the women performance has led to the imposing of the quota on women representation in the top management jobs (D’Agostino and Levine, 2011). Contents of the Lord Davies report The Lord Davies report gives the recommendation of the minimum women requirement in the workforce. The report also contains the benefits that are accrued by the society, the economy and businesses that adapt to these recommendations. The recommendations are aimed to restore gender equality and productivity by considering the FTSE 250 companies and the FTS 100 companies. The requirement to achieve a 25% female representation in management positions by 2015 is also depicted. As at February 2012, the number of women representation in these companies had elevated to higher levels and thus showing a positive picture. The values have increased rapidly in FTSE 100 companies from 12.5% to 15.6% while in the FTSE 250, they rose from 7.8% to 9.6%. The report provides for the recommendations that are likely to impact positively on the workforce in 2013. To realise this, the report challenges the FTSE 350 companies to provide an effort aimed at increasing the number of the women in their companies. The progress of the initial reports are also depicted to test the viability of the initial recommendations. Contents of the Institute of Leadership and Management Report The report was prepared for the business intermediaries and the bodies that offer business advice and support. The report illustrates the arguments of the leadership, investment options and skills. It also depicts the current practice in UK and its relation to competitor nations. The benefits of good leadership and management practises are also depicted. The best management p ractises can result into a 23% increase in business performance. Effective management is also depicted to improve the level of performance of the organisation with time. The report also gives the reasons of the underperforming of the UK over other competitor nations. Shortages of labour, wrong skill application, ineffective training and relevance of training are the major issues depicted. The report is concluded by recommendations the employers can undertake to improve management capability. The three waves of feminism Feminism can be divided into three waves; first wave, second wave and third wave or post feminism. The first wave began in UK and USA in the 19th century. This movement was established to counter the inequalities based on gender. It advocated for the intelligence, dignity and the potential of the female sex. The second wave began in 1960s, and a variety of the minority groups formed civil rights and anti-war movements. Sexuality and reproductive issues were raised, an d it required social equality regardless of sex. The gender was differentiated from sex due to the fusion of neo Marxism and the psychoanalytical theory. The post feminism phase is involved in the postmodern thinking of the female gender. The identity and the beauty of the female being have defined the feminine beauty. The differences such as class, sexual orientation, and ethnicity are recognised as dynamic,

The Press and Presidential Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Press and Presidential Politics - Essay Example With an indication of a descriptively "too close to call" presidential election according to a majority of opinion polls, focus shifted on the effect of a tiny fraction of the voters conceivably vital for both camps: the undecided electorates. Evident from the strategic positioning of both candidates in the final stretch, these were indeed the folks with the power to ether re-elect President Barack Obama or to elevate former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney to the highest office on the hill. From the oscillating manner of polls up to the very last minutes, there was no doubt whatsoever that the key to unlock the answer to the United States’ stewardship over the next four years was firmly in the hands of these â€Å"special voters†. The question, however, was how to these groups could possibly be REACHED. This paper analyses the effectiveness of New York Times’ and the Wall Street Journal’s news coverage with regard to how explicit they were in informing the undecided voters about the candidates and what they stood for over the final 10 days of the 2012 presidential campaign. From the beginning, the two camps projected different theories of the race to the public—from Romney, the 2012 election was precisely a referendum on Obama’s unpopular administrative style; to Obama, it was all about comparative choice between slipping back to extreme conservatism, which was rather unpalatable to women and the young elite, and moving forward with the regime’s reform agenda. Surprisingly enough, the 2012 election was about arguments advanced by both sides, and the message appeared to have sunk well on both camps in the final days: a challenger seeking to oust an incumbent making a case for himself and the incumbent seeking to convince voters that the alternative would be much worse. Contrary to the 2008’s message of hope that attracted comparatively much enthusiasm and support, Obama found himself in the traditional p osture of an incumbent under siege—a wiser fighter with experience, not the hitherto conciliator. With the polls oscillating between a possible tie and a negligible win with an error of a striking distance for both candidates, the undecided voters became a fertile ground for both camps to make their final appeals. The "undecided voter" was no longer unavoidable in the final days’ coverage of the campaign preceding the 2012 US presidential election with both candidates fashioning their appeals to woo a winning support on their sides. Avowedly, there were high odds that the undecided women and young elites in general, probably without jobs, will waffle before cameras when confronted with a very simple, but hitherto difficult, straightforward question: Whom will you vote for on the November 6th?  Although the exact number and place of residence of the "uncommitted voter" population were rather unknown, a single type of voter, presented by a diverse number of news outlet s as comprising of young, lightly educated, lower income and white women, was enough representation of the electorates "on the fence" whose influence could not be taken for granted. Noteworthy, the demographics mentioned herein is not inclusive and conceivably overlooks a huge number unsure of which candidate they

Emergency Action Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergency Action Plan - Assignment Example Inside the booth are phone directories that bear the frequently used emergency phone contacts. Other than the booths, an alarm has been installed in one the adjacent building. The alarm is used to alert the participants in case of danger so that they can leave the swimming pool with immediate effect. The participants with Autism are usually at a higher risk during the swimming lessons (Mary, 2010, pp23). They can accidentally fall in the water and get trapped inside without being noticed. Since their speaking is sometimes distorted, they may not be in a position to alert others for help. To care of these individuals, lifeguards have taken it upon themselves to ensure that they swim under a close watch. Fellow students are advised to partner with an autistic friend while in the pool. In case of emergency such as drowning or seizure in water, the lifeguards and trained student captains are usually to lead the rescue plan (Red Cross, 2015). Rescue plans and methods vary with the kind of emergency. If one is trapped under water, deep-swimmer lifeguards have the sole responsibility of performing the search and bringing the victim to the surface. In case of fire, the participants have been instructed on how to ring the alarm and use the fire extinguishers. While the main role of the lifeguards is to perform a rescue operation, the Adapted Aquatic Instructors have a general role of giving directions to the participants. These include swimming tactics for various purposes such as emergency. The instructor assistants usually wok alongside the senior instructors and represent their seniors when they are away. They give the participants a general orientation of the facility and are always available for the students during swimming lessons. When there is an emergency that is beyond the capabilities of the staff, it is always advisable to seek for an external help through phone calls. 911 is always a central rescue number. However, there is always a chain

African Americans and the Prison System Essay Example for Free

African Americans and the Prison System Essay I. The History of Oppression and African Americans? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K.. III. The lasting effects of slavery: continuous oppression? K? K? K? K? K? K? K a. The lost sense of culture and cultural pride: Feeling of inferiority b. No economic foundation c. Unleveled playing field IV. Maintaining oppression? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K. PART 2 : THE NEW AGE SLAVERY: The Prison System I. The Prison Institution? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K II. Race and the Prison System? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K.. III. The lasting oppression? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K.. IV. The effects of oppression? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K a. Demise of the Black family b. Lost political voice V. Solutions? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K. VI. Closing? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K? K I. Introduction In the book the Mugging of Black America, Earl Ofari Hutchinson relays an interesting experience by a reporter. The reporter, who spent two and a half hours watching suspects march before Washington, D. C. Superior Court Judge Morton Berg, noted that all but one of these subjects was Black. He stated, ?  §There is an odd air about the swift afternoon? Xan atmosphere like that of British Africa in colonial times? Xas the procession of tattered, troubled, scowling, poor blacks plead guilty or not guilty to charges of drug possession, drug distribution, assault, armed robbery, theft, breaking in, fraud and arson. According to Hutchinson, the reporter witnessed more than a courtroom scene; he witnessed the legacy of slavery. This paper will attempt expand on Hutchinson?  ¦s theory. It will do so by first describing slavery and its lasting impact then it will attempt to show how the current criminal justice system mirrors slavery. PART 1: Slavery I. The History of Oppression and African Americans The history of the oppression as it relates to African Americans began in 1619. It was this year in which a Dutch ship brought the first slaves from Africa to North America. Following this arrival of twenty Africans in Virginia, white European-Americans created the institution of slavery. Slavery spread so quickly that by 1860 the original twenty slaves turned into nearly four million. In the beginning the legal status of these Africans was undefined. This absent definition created a lack of certainty which allowed for some slaves to become free after years of service. This only lasted briefly. In the 1660s, however, the colonies began enacting laws that defined and regulated slaves and the institution of slavery. One of the most important of these was the provision that black slaves, and the children of slave women, would serve for life. These ?  §breeding laws were just the beginning. Soon, slavery in the United States was governed by a body of laws developed from the 1660s to the 1860s. Even though every slave state had its own slave code and case law, it became universal that slavery was a permanent condition. In addition to slavery being a permanent condition, slaves were also, under these laws, considered property. Slaves, being property, could not own property or be a party to a contract. Since marriage is a form of a contract, slave marriages had no legal standing. Most codes also had sections regulating free blacks. Under these codes blacks who were not slaves were still subject to controls on their movements and employment. These laws served not only as a physical limitation, but an ideological one also. In addition to granting slave owners and white people power over slaves and in some cases free blacks, the laws also granted slaveholders and white-Europeans an intangible source of power. Socially, the institution of slavery allowed white slave owners to believe they had not only physical control, but physical and mental superiority over the slaves. With only a few exceptions, all slaves were Africans. This fact placed the label of inferiority on black skin. The actual institution of slavery as it relates to master and slave lasted up in till the Civil war. The American Civil War was fought, in part, over slavery. During the war, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which ?  §freed all slaves. This seemingly, brought the end of slavery throughout the United States, but unfortunately left a lasting impression. From this point on slavery took on a new form as former slaves being associated with the label of inferiority. II. The lasting effects of slavery: continuous oppression Slavery is defined by Webster?  ¦s dictionary as ?  §The state of being under the control of another person . Aalthough the actual physical control and violence supposedly ended after the emancipation proclamation, The intangible theory of supremacy derived from the institution of slavery resulted in many lasting effects. These effects in and of themselves are a form of force, a form slavery. a. The lost sense of culture and cultural pride: Feeling of inferiority Slave drivers made great efforts to eliminate African culture. For instance Africans were beaten if they were caught speaking their native languages or carrying out native rituals . Therefore, they were not able to effectively pass the languages, stories and traditions on to their children. This forced suppression resulted in the loss of verbal records and a rich legacy of history. It is no secret that there is pride in culture. Taking away the culture takes away the pride and the motivation and results in feelings of worthlessness. b. no economic foundation Slave drivers not only attempted to deprive the Africans of there culture and pride, but they successfully robbed them economically. Slaves were forced to work without pay for years while padding the pockets of the slave owners. This deficit of economics resulted in an inability to establish an economic foundation in the United States. c. Unleveled playing field Along with the deprivation of financial resources, another significant factor concerning the state of African Americans is arrested development. Slaves were deprived of opportunities to learn and become more competitive in many areas of society. Black people were not allowed to read or learn to read, so they could not take advantage of written text. All these lasting effects placed blacks in a severely disadvantaged state when slavery was abolished, led a socioeconomic structure in which white people generally held the highest ranks and Black people generally held the lowest ranks. III. Maintaining oppression In order to maintain this socioeconomic structure, there always seems to be a new form of oppression set in place to maintain ?  §slavery. As if the above detrimental effects of slavery were not enough, the White southerners were anxious to maintain more direct power and control over people with black skin, despite there classification as ?  §free. The White southerners decided to, again, use the law in order crystallize there theory of inferiority and keep black people at the lowest ranks. In 1865, southerners created Black Codes, which served as a way to control and inhibit the freedom of ex-slaves. These historic Codes controlled almost all aspects of life, and prohibited African Americans from almost all the freedoms that had been won during the Civil War. The codes, which were blatantly racist and oppressive, were eventually suspended in June 1866, during the ? §reconstruction era. During this time period in America and despite resistance, African-Americans were slowly becoming part of this nations inclusion. By 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution confirmed the long awaited citizenship for Blacks in America. By 1870, the 15th Amendment was added to the Constitution which made it illegal to deny the right to vote based on race. The Reconstruction era, although short-lived, showed the first real attempts of inclusive freedom for African-Americans since the abolition of slavery. Gains were taking place: Citizenship, Voting, Education, and Politics. But, the underlying desire to have power over those in black skin never subsided. Just like the black Codes, this desire to dominate again manifested itself in another form, Jim Crow Laws. These laws promoted discrimination and the denial of equal protection by law. Just like the codes, they too were eventually abolished. Just like the Codes, Jim Crow laws, the desire of our society to suppress those in black skin will soon take another form. Today that form is the Criminal Justice System. PART 2 The New Age Slavery: The Prison System I. The Prison Institution Prisons are big in the United States. During the past 20 years, the United States experienced a massive increase in incarceration. The prison population increased fourfold, from 330,000 in 1980 to nearly 1. 4 million in 1999, and the incarceration rate increased from about 140 to about 476 per 100,000 resident populations. Today there are more than two million Americans behind bars. But even more startling is the fact that more than one-half of these incarcerated Americans have black skin. Although black Americans only make up about 12% of the US population, they account for more then 30% of all arrests, 44% of all prisoners and 40% of prisoners on death row. II. Race and the Prison System These obvious disparities in the criminal justice system can be attributed to many different things ranging from racial profiling to the lack of opportunity and poor education, but most criminal justice observers believe that these disparities have emerged from the underlying assumptions rooted in slavery. The assumption that slaves were inferior has carried over to today. Currently this theory of inferiority and desire to maintain oppression influences one of the major policies in place attacking African Americans today, the ?  §war on drugs. Most of the shocking disparities in the criminal Justice System as it relates to African Americans in prison can be attributed to the ?  §war on drugs. According to a study by Human Rights Watch, African-Americans comprise 62 percent of the drug offenders admitted to state prisons. In seven states, blacks constitute between 80 and 90 percent of all people sent to prison on drug charges. According to studies of the U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, African-Americans constitute 15 percent of the national drug users, but comprise an amazing one-third of all those arrested on drug charges and 57 percent of those convicted on drug charges. The criminal justice system generally, and contemporary crime and drug policies in particular, serve as a means for White America to control the African Americans like they did in the 1600 . III. The lasting oppression Similarly to the black codes and segregation implemented after the abolition of slavery; restrictions are placed on prisoners after they are released. Once a prisoner is released from prison, parole and the bans on public assistance, public housing restrictions, etc. create barriers and a seemingly doomed cycle of dominance. Since half of the prisoners in prison are African American, these barriers, like the lasting effects of slavery, have a disproportionate effect on our black communities. III. The effects of oppression According to the Department of Justice?  ¦s Bureau of Justice statistics, the number of adults in prison, jail, or on probation or parole reached almost 7 million during 2004. Since Blacks comprise 30 percent of probationers and 41 percent of prisoners. That means around 4,500,000 African Americans are affected directly by the criminal justice system. Unfortunately those African Americans sent to prison or under parole are not the only people affected. The impact on the black community does not stop at the prison door, conversely it goes far beyond. Even after a prisoner is released there are lasting effects to the prisoner, his or her family and the community as a whole. a. Demise of the Black family One effect of the high rate of incarceration of African American males in particular has been the decreasing number of marriageable men in the African American community. Along with high rates of homicide, AIDS-related deaths and other factors, this has created a substantial imbalance in the male-female ratio among adult African Americans. Whereas gender ratios for African Americans at birth are about 102-103 males for every 100 females, by the age range 40-44, this declines to 86 males per 100 females, whereas white rates are 100:100 for this group. b. Lost political voice The impact of the criminal justice system on the black community goes beyond the declining family structure to issues of political influence as well. As a result of laws that disenfranchise felons and ex-felons in various states, an estimated 1. 4 million African American males, or 13% of the black male adult population, is either currently or permanently disenfranchised as a result of a felony conviction. In fourteen states, a felony conviction can result in lifetime disenfranchisement, and in seven of these states, an estimated one in four black males is permanently disenfranchised. Thus, not only are criminal justice policies contributing to the disproportionate incarceration of African Americans, but imprisonment itself then reduces the collective political ability of African Americans to influence these policies. V. Solutions The constant demise in the structure of the black family, lost political influence and seemingly arrested development are all very familiar results of a history of oppression. Since these effects of slavery and disparities in the criminal justice system seemingly steam from hundreds of years ago there is no quick fix. Ideally the answer would lie in the destruction of all prejudice. But, it is impossible to erase the deep seated legacy and resurfacing effects of slavery. Therefore this problem must be attacked from a variety of different angles. Recommendations for change can be considered in the areas of awareness, legislative change, criminal justice officials?  ¦ initiatives, and criminal justice/community partnerships. The following are some suggested that will allow for a beginning to a seemingly circular and endless problem. 1. Legislative Actions Legislation should be pushed to Reconsider Mandatory Sentencing Policies and Equalize Penalties for Crack and Powder Cocaine . 2. Criminal Justice Officials?  ¦ Initiatives ?n Criminal Justice Officials should Expand Drug Policy Options And Expand the Use of Alternative Sentencing 3. Criminal Justice/Community Partnerships. The criminal Justice system and the community should attempt to Increase Community-based Diversion from the Criminal Justice System And Strengthen the Link between Communities and the Justice System VI. Closing Oppression in the form of institutionalization is nothing new to those dressed in black skin; it has been present since 1619. In this year Africans were brought to the United States and forced into the institution of slavery. Even after the abolition of slavery, a series of codes and segregation laws were set in place to maintain the suppression of black people because black skin was stigmatized as inferior. Even though the prejudice and biased codes and laws were eventually abolished themselves, this stigma remains. Because this theory of black inferiority was embedded in the American culture due to slavery, various means of oppression are able to continually resurface in different forms. Today that form is Criminal Justice System, more specifically the drug policies. Practically mirroring the institution of slavery, African Americans are being controlled and dominated by this system. Control by the USCJS includes the probation, parole, imprisonment, lost economic power, struggling communities and lost political voice. In order to end this vicious cycle of oppression, action must be taken. First people must be made aware of the disparities. Next those who are made aware must press for legislative change, criminal justice officials?  ¦ initiatives, and criminal justice/community partnerships. The challenge for the community at large is to engage in broad discussion of the mix of family, community, and government initiatives that can begin to reverse the cycle that has been set in motion in recent years. Let?  ¦s do what Abraham attempted o do in 1877, let?  ¦s end this legacy of slavery.

Quality Assurance of Superficial Radiotherapy X-Ray Machine

Quality Assurance of Superficial Radiotherapy X-Ray Machine Study the Quality Assurance of Superficial Radiotherapy  X-ray Machine using some Techniques Abstract The aim of the present paper is to investigate some factors affecting on quality assurance of superficial radiotherapy x-ray such as reproducibility of dose out put, linearity, reference, entrance and some skin cancer doses were measured for hand, face and nose. Examinations of these factors are studied using Farmer dose master connected with 0.6 cc ionization chamber which was placed on the couch inside the selected field and contacted with an applicator to avoid any air gap inside a field size and 10 exposures were made. The measurements were carried out using an operating condition such as 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA 0.10 min, 6 sec. The tolerance limit for the reproducibility is equal to 0.2% , which is lower than the tolerance limit as mentioned. in American Association of physics in Medicine, AAPM . The relative Error for entrance skin dose equals 3%. The quality assurance tests of superficial radiotherapy x-ray machine are measured and compared with the international tolerance. Key words: Quality Assurance, Farmer dosemaster. .0.6 cc ionization chamber Introduction The principle goal of quality assurance of superficial x-ray machine is obtained accurately and timely assessment. The secondary goal is to maximize of radiation exposure and obtain high radiation quality. This can be assess by performance the x-ray machine by optimum operating parameters such as reproducibility of dose out put, linearity, Reference , Entrance and Exit dose measurements according to code safe of practice for use x-ray in medical diagnosis (NRL, 1994). [1]. Many associations reported work concerning quality assurance of superficial x-ray machine like , AAPM, [2,3] that describes quality assurance protocol for superficial radiotherapy x-ray equipment at the therapeutic technologist level. American Association of Medical Physicists in Medicine ~AAPM, [4] presents a new protocol, developed by the Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 61, for reference dosimetry of low- and medium energy x rays for radiotherapy and radiobiology (40 kV(4) . Austerlitz C, et.al, 2008 mentioned that the beam outputs presented percent differences ranging from -13 to +25%.[5]. Mehran Goharian et.al , 2010 mentioned that The measured output showed an increase of up to 7.3% relative to the neutral position (0 ° in-plane and 0 ° cross-plane) over the possible range of angles of in-plane rotation for 75 kVp (half-value layer, HVL = 1.84 mm Al)[6]. Modern research indicated that the continued successful use of kilovoltage X-ray units for superficial therapy and their different design compared with linear accelerators indicates that specific advice for this type of equipment is required. Useful guidance on quality control of kilo-voltage units is also given in Klevenhagen.et.al [7] and Williams.et.al [8]. Paevans .et.al [9] mentioned that the applicator, system interlocks and dose monitor performance that used in check of Gulmay D3300 kilovoltage X-ray therapy unit were satisfactory and the tube leakage was below the UK recommended maximum (air kerma rate 300 mGy/ h at 5 cm from the tube head). The quality assurances of therapeutic x-ray are based on the Basic Safety Standard –BSS[10] and International Commission of Radiological Protection where they mentioned that there is no limit for medical exposure but they ensure that medical exposure have to decide by consultation between medical authorities and professional bodies . The aim of the present paper is to investigate some factors affecting on quality assurance of superficial radiotherapy x-ray such as reproducibility of dose out put, linearity, Reference, Entrance and Exit dose measurements. Material and Method The X-strahl superficial x-ray machine was investigated for some factors of quality assurance such as reproducibility and linearity . Reproducibility is one component of the precision of a test and reported as a standard deviation. Reproducibility of dose out put of X-strahl machine was measured with Farmer Dose master connected with 0.6 cc ionization chamber, which was placed on the couch inside the selected field and contacted with an applicator to avoid any air gap inside a field size and 10 exposures were made. The measurements were carried out using same operating condition such as 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA , 6 sec. The reproducibility Pz was calculated based on NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995).[11]. Where: SD is the estimator of standard deviation of a series of measurements dose [mGy], Zap is the means value of the measured [dose [mGy]. Extensive measurements were made to assess of changes in mAs on reproducibility and linearity of radiation output. It formed over a range of clinical settings. Calibrated ionization chamber used to measure output expressed as ÃŽ ¼Gy per mAs, at a set distance, without backscatter. Linearity The linearity of superficial x-ray machine was studied using farmer dose master that connected with 0.6 cc ionization chamber above Perspex phantom. The linearity was checked using the next equation that stated by NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .[11]. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ §X1-X2à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ª/X1+X2 à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼0.1 Where X1 and X2 are two successive readings. Applications of superficial x-ray machine Measurement the Surface Radiotherapy Dose for Hands, Face and Nose were conducted using suitable applicator for each case. The applicator for hand treatment was 5 cm diameter, 15 FSD , the applicator for face treatment was 3 cm diameter , 15 FSD and the applicator for nose treatment was 1.5 cm diameter, 15 FSD. Results and Discussions Reproducibility Dose reproducibility for repeated doses of superficial x-ray machine was measured using farmer dosemaster connected with 0.6cc ionization chamber on the surface of Perspex phantom as shown in table 1. In the present work the maximum value was 4.404 , the minimum value was 4.374 and mean doses and standard deviation of the measurements was 4.391  ± 0.008 . The machine reproducibility was found to be 0.2% which is lower than the tolerance limit as mentioned. in NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .[11]. Table 1 the Dose reproducibility for superficial radiotherapy machine using an operating condition of 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA , 6 sec. For 0.6 cc Ionization chamber. Dose, cGy 0.6 cc Run No. 4.374 1 4.386 2 4.388 3 4.394 4 4.394 5 4.386 6 4.390 7 4.391 8 4.404 9 4.401 10 4.391  ± 0.008 Mean  ± Standard Deviation Linearity of X-ray Machine The dose output was measured as a function in miliamper second. These measurements were recorded at 25 cm source to detector distance using special applicator of diameter 25 x 25 cm2 as shown in table.2. The linearity of the superficial x-ray machine was given a result lower than 0.1 that means it lower than the tolerance level of the American Association of physics in Medicine AAPM[3] and NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .[11]. Linearity was accepted that means the x-ray tube of a machine is calibrated. Table 2. Linearity of superficial X-ray Machine Dose, , cGy mAs Time, sec Setting 23 30 6 50 kV, 5 Ma 30 60 12 45 150 30 72 240 48 90 300 60 . Measurement the Surface Radiotherapy Dose for Hands, Face and Nose The X-ray tube of the X-strahl machine was located in middle of the room surrounded by one meter from each side. The focus to skin distance, FSD for each applicator under use was adjusted for surface radiotherapy treatment such as hand, face and nose of tissue equivalent phantom. The Ionization chamber was adjusted for operating conditions of the X-ray machine as filter 1, 50kV, 5 mA, 0.2 min, and 0.2 mmAl for different applicators. The Surface dose for skin, nose and hand were recorded as shown in table 4. X-strahl -100 x-ray system low energy X-ray for treatment a wide range of superficial dermatological condition including: basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma and dermatological conditions including psoriasis. Orthovoltage units continue to be used today to treat superficial lesions; in fact, they were practically the only machines treating skin lesions before the recent emergence of electron therapy. The maximum dose from any of these low-energy units is found on the sur face of patients; thus, skin becomes the dose-limiting structure when treating patients at these energies. The depth at which the dose is 50% of the maximum is about 7 cm. Therefore the physician can be calculate the treatment dose for superficial x-ray therapy for each case. Since the total dose is equal to dose rate times the time , so, the time of treatment can calculate easily . Table 4. Entrance patient dose measurements for face, nose and hand.. ESD, (cGy) Case Applicator dimensions 56.68  ± 0.307 Face cancer 3 cm diameter , 15 FSD 241.2  ± 2.15 Nose cancer 1.5 cm diameter, 15 FSD 58.8  ± 0.669 Hand cancer 5 cm diameter, 15 FSD Conclusion This work concluded that The machine reproducibility dose out put was found to be 0.2% so patient risk will decrease. Linearity was lower than 0.1 which is lower than the tolerance limit of the international publications. The maximum dose from any of these low-energy units is found on the surface of patients; thus, skin.X-strahl machine treating skin lesions, hand, face and nose. The treatment time for hand, face, and nose cancer calculated via the surface patient dose measurement.

Stakeholder Management And Its Contribution To Project Success Construction Essay

Stakeholder Management And Its Contribution To Project Success Construction Essay Project management is an evolving discipline which is relatively new in both practice and academics hence knowledge is drawn from other disciplines to further advance both theory and practice in managing projects. Consequently this research will draw from different academic disciplines for its theory and the construction industry for its practice. To this end a project could be described as a strategy used by organisations to achieve its strategic goal, the strategy could be suggested to have a start and an end date (Turner 2009 p.20; Holton 2002 p.10-2). It could also be suggested that the word organisation in the above definition by Turner 2009 could be called the project stakeholder. Olanda and Landin (2005 p.321) defined project stakeholders as a: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦group of people who have a vested interest in the success of a project and the environment within which the project operatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This research is focused on investigating the impact of stakeholder management and its contribution to project success in the construction industry. It could be suggested that the use of PMIs life cycle phases be adopted for the entire project plan as seen in figure 1 below. Figure -Project Lifecycle The project initiation phase of this report will include proposing a project research topic, assigning a project supervisor or project sponsor and proposing a research plan. While the project planning phase will include reviewing of the available project materials and the execution phase will involve writing up the literature review and project methodology. Handover and closeout will involve submitting the final report to supervisor and award of Msc degree in Project Management. Lessons learnt could be suggested to be the feedback and experience gained in during the research. 1.2 Project Context Project Context could be suggested to be the setting in which a project is carried out (ApmBok 2009). In relation to the above description, the aim of this research is in agreement with the above suggestion (Achterkamp and Vis 2008 pg 749). 1.3 Project Rationale 1.3.1 Academic Rationale The academic research into project stakeholders has been attractive and extensive to researchers and professionals. Evidence shows that the construction industry accounts directly for 10% GDP growth in the UK (Cridland and Wates 2009 p.5),this goes to justify the need to investigate the impact of stakeholder management and its contribution to project success in the construction industry and also fulfil the academic requirement of the award of Masters Degree. 1.3.2 Business Rationale The economic implications for any organisation if projects fail will be devastating considering the above report by Wates and Cridland (2009 p5), this report shows that the construction industry account for 10% GDP growth. Project failure of any kind in the current economic climate will cost the organization its finance and jobs e.g. BP deep horizon in the US Gulf Coast where the collapse of a well led to fatalities which in-turn increased BPs financial burden. 1.3.3 Personal Rationale It could be suggested that as a project management professional, embarking on this research will help one better understand the principles of stakeholder management. The knowledge gained from this research will clarify any unanswered questions at the end of this research. 1.4 Aim and Objectives This research is aimed at: Investigating the impact of stakeholder management and its contribution to project success in the construction industry Objectives To explore the principles of stakeholder management and project success. To assess the benefits and challenges of stakeholder management. To correlate a relationship between stakeholder management and project success. To propose a strategy for measuring the impact of stakeholder management thereby assessing its impact on project success. To make recommendations for improved stakeholder management practices. 1.4.2 Project Scope According to Burke (2003 p. 104) project scope identifies when a project has been successfully completed within specified requirement. The scope for this project will involve activities such as writing the literature review, research methodology and drawing on the findings of the above mentioned activities to come up with a conclusion and recommendation. The scope of this research excludes the execution of the primary research. 1.4.3 Project Deliverables Project deliverables for this research is suggested to be the outcome of the report at every stage of the lifecycle (ApmBok 2009 p.135). The deliverables as shown in Table 1 are generalised and subject to being revised at the end of this report. Table Project deliverables Deliverables Description Project Research Plan Introduction/ Background Project Context and Project Rationale Project Definition Project Approach Research Project Schedule Resource Requirements Ethical Considerations Literature Review Research of theory and practice within the construction industry Project Approach or Methodology It involves the description of the process in the collection and evaluation of data that will be used to achieve the overall aim and objectives of this report. Project Proposal This involves outlining a research proposal from the finding and the analysis done in the project approach section. Conclusion and Recommendation This section involves the final summation of all the data used and presenting recommendation(s) where necessary. 1.4.4 Assumption, Constraints and Considerations Assumptions The project will be delivered on time, quality and within budget. The literature / materials needed to complete the project will be readily available. That the project aim and objectives will be met at the end of the project. Constraints The time required by the sponsor to complete the report. Combining three live projects at the same period. i.e. CPD, Group placement and dissertation. Considerations That the report will inspire its readers to proceed towards a primary research. That there will be more research into the impact of project stakeholders and its contribution to project success within the construction industry. 1.5 Initial Literature Review 1.5.1 Stakeholder Management Project stakeholders have been widely discussed in various project management literatures. Fewings (2005 p.34) described project stakeholders as people that their interest could affect the outcome of the project while Olanda and Landin (2005 p.321) agues that although project stakeholders are group of people with different interest in a particular project, they are also interested in a successful outcome no matter the level of interest. Since this research will be focusing on stakeholder management, McElroy and Mills (2007 p.270) suggested that stakeholder management deals with the relationships between stakeholders within projects. This relationship must be developed and structured so as to achieve a successful outcome. McElroy and Mills (2007 p.270) description of stakeholder management is convincing because different bodies of knowledge are yet to agree on a particular description for stakeholder management. Fewings (2005) and Olanda Landin (2005) perspectives on project stakeholders in relation to stakeholder management is valid in that all agreed that stakeholders are made up of more than one individual, so managing this relationship as described by McElroy and Mills (2007 p.270) will determine if a project is a success or a failure . 1.5.2 Project Success Yu et al. (2005) suggested that a: Project  is a success if its created product adds value to the client, considering the cost to the client at the point of acceptance While there is no definite definition to what project success is or what will be the best way to define success, this report would look into critical success criteria used in the construction industry to determine when a project is successful. The ApmBok (2009) defined project success as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the satisfaction of stakeholder needs measured by the success criteria as identified and agreed at the start of the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 1.6 Project Research Approach In this section it could be suggested that a proposed research approach be developed, this approach would be aligned with the project aim and objectives. To achieve the above this report has identified two methods or type of research, this are the Primary and Secondary research. A primary research entails the collection of new data or expansion of existing theories in project management body of knowledge. This could be achieved by using the following methods: the use of questionnaires, sampling and survey. Data for this research would be collected though documentary research. This involves analysing various literatures relating to the research; given that this research is a secondary research, a qualitative method will be employed. 1.6.1 Ethical Consideration Sekaran (2000, p17) defined ethics as a code of conduct or expected societal norm of behaviour while conducting a research or project . Below in table 2 are the ethical considerations used to compile this research. Table -Ethical Consideration This research was carefully structured to avoid any misrepresentation or distortion of data collected. All information used for this research was adequately referenced to avoid plagiarism. This report was written with due respect for the subject and authors All information used for this report is in line with universities academic guidelines. Sekaran ( 2000, p.261) 1.7 Project Planning / Report Schedule Burke (2003, p.94) defined project schedule as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a process required to ensure that various elements of the project are properly managed and controlledà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The project schedule will be used to assign expected start date and expected finish date. The schedule is in a Gantt chart, this could be suggested to be in agreement with (Burke 2003) definition. See Appendix 1 for more details. 1.8 Project Resource Requirements and Budget The resources required for a successful completion of this project is listed in Table 2 and the cost estimate that would apply to both primary and secondary research is in Table 3 Figure -Resources Requirement Human Resources Description Hours Researcher Researcher would carry out a secondary research and prepare a primary research plan to be used to further analyse the project aim 600 Academic supervisor The academic supervisor would give guidance, review and monitor project to ascertain if the project is within scope. 60 Project sponsor The project sponsor and management would be need during an actual primary research. 100 Table Project Budget Activity Budget Source Cost for Researcher and supervisor  £3000 RGU and Sponsor Printing of dissertation and buying of CD drives ( hard and soft copies)  £200 Researcher and Sponsor (in the case of a primary Research) Transport is Dependent on the location of the organisation and RGU library Not Determined at present Researcher and Sponsor 1.8.1 Risk Matrix Risk management is a key area in APM and PMI bodies of knowledge; projects are often associated with one form of risk or another (Raz Michael 2000), controlling this risk is an important task for any researcher. To this end, this report will take a proactive role in controlling risks associated to this project by developing a risk plan which can be seen in Table 4 Table Risk Matrix RISK Probability Impact Rating Mitigating Measure New Rating Difficulty in accessing data for literature review 3 5 15 An early start would be suggested, so as to either change research topic or source for resources 5 The aim of the research becomes to wide to handle 3 4 12 Ensure research topic is specific not too wide 4 Too many information 2 4 8 Start gathering and arranging information on time 2 Technological Difficulty 3 5 15 Back up all files and attend classes on software training 4 Respondents for the primary research are not co-operative 2 5 10 Ascertain at an early stage the willingness of respondent 5 Delays leading up to dead line 3 5 15 Early start ensures an early finish 5 The key describing the colour coding is in Appendix 2 1.9 Report Layout Figure Report Layout

What makes anyone a legal parent? :: Essays Papers

What makes anyone a legal parent? How easy is it for the courts to decide who should be the legal parent of a child? With the advances in assisted reproduction technology (ART), such as surrogacy and in vitro fertilization (IVF), more people both inside and outside the traditional relationships of a biological mother and father have a chance to have a child. These families consist of single parents and also same sex couples. With same sex relationships, a third party has to be involved, which could be either a surrogate mother or a male donor. This leaves the child with more than the two biological parents. How do authorities determine who will be the most beneficial to the child? The courts try to determine the legal parents out of the best interests of the child but their ruling gives the biological parents more rights over other individuals. Unfortunately, this discriminates against same sex couples because only one partner can be the biological parent. This closed judgment by the courts and society demonstrates that both parties do not understand the abilities same sex couples have in raising a child. Many partners in nontraditional relationships lose their involvement in their child’s life because courts make these conventional decisions which do not recognize same sex marriages. Everyone should have the same opportunities to raise a child because, as many successful adoptions show, a biological tie is not required for a person to be the best parent for a child. Lesbian co-mothers are growing in population. ART has contributed to a significant increase in the number of lesbian and gay individuals choosing to raise genetically related children (Goldstein 412). Most lesbian couples obtained a child from either a past heterosexual relationship or by alternative insemination where the child then has two mothers and a male donor. One of the main questions is how fitting is a lesbian couple to raise a child? Society seems to discriminate against same sex couples. As mentioned earlier, one reason is because there are more than two possible parental figures. People within society are concerned about this because it is not a traditional type of family. They feel that a child should have both a male and female figure represented in a family to make an ideal environment.

The Haitian Relationship With the Dominican Republic Essays -- Politic

The Haitian Relationship With the Dominican Republic The Haitian revolution had tremendous repercussions in the social, political and economic arenas of the world, but especially for the relationship with the neighboring nation of the Dominican Republic. In order to understand the development of the Dominican-Haitian relationship after the Haitian revolution one must examine how the two colonies of Hispanola dealt with each other before it. Throughout history there has been constant stress between the interactions of these nations, yet there is no easy explanation for what has caused it. In effect, it has been an accumulation of events which has allowed for the present relationship to evolve. By the 1780’s Saint Domingue’s had the largest amount of slaves in the Caribbean. This large amount of slaves can be greatly attributed to the nearly 30,000 Africans imported to the colony between 1785-1790 (Beckles 403) . This extraordinary amount of slaves allowed Saint Domingue emerge as one of the wealthiest colonies of its time, but it also made the island susceptible to a successful upheaval for the transplanted African communities. In 1789 Saint Domingue had approximately 8,000 plantations which produced crops for export which generated two fifths of Frances foreign trade, "a proportion rarely equalled in any colonial empire" (Beckles 403). The majority of crops being exported were coffee, and sugar although cotton, indigo were also part of this colonies economic prosperity. The majority of the nearly 500,000 slaves on the island, at the end of the eighteenth century endured some of the worst slave conditions in the Caribbean. These people were seen as disposable economic inputs in a colony driven by greed. Thus, they receive... ...nue to occur which has developed great tension between these neighboring nations. Works Cited Beckles, Dr. Hillary, Verene Shepherd. Caribbean Slave Society and Economy. The New Press, New York. New York, N.Y. 1991. Bethell, Leslie. The Cambridge History of Latin America Vol. III. Cambridge University Press, London, England. 1985. Logan, Rayford. Haiti And The Dominican Republic. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 1968. http://www.uhhp.com/haitrev1.html http://caribbeansupersite.com/domrep/history.htm - Dominican History http://www.uhhp.com/haitrev1.html - Haitian Revolution http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/americas/Haiti.GIF Haitian Map (Large) http://caribbeansupersite.com/haiti/history.htm -Haitian History http://www.eurohost.com/imagesof/flags/anthems.html -National anthems of Haiti and Dominican Republic

A Mongoliod Child Handling Shells On The Beach by Robert Snyder :: essays research papers

Diction, Theme and Imagery in Richard Snyders Intro To Poetry "A Mongoloid Child Handling Shells on the Beach" When you first read Richard Snyders narrative poem, "A Mongoloid Child Handling Shells on the Beach", it may be perceived that the poem is indeed about a child, happily gathering shells upon the shore. However, if we closely consider the diction and connotations that Synder uses, we can speculate that the meaning of the poem depicts a deeper and darker theme. The title itself gives us an idea from the beginning. The word Mongoloid, as identified in Websters New World Dictionary (675), is an early term for Down's Syndrome, a state of mental retardation. Therefore I believe that the poem represents the child as an outcast from the norm of society. There are several words in the text that refer to the child that we usually wouldn't associate with youth. An early clue would again be found in the title, "A Mongoloid Child Handling Shells on the Beach". Notice that Snyder used the word "handling" instead of playing or collecting, words wich we might think of while envisioning a young girl investigating sea shells. Snyder also uses the word 'slow' to describe the child on more than one occasion, as we see in line one and line eight : "She turns them over in her slow hands/ ...hums back to it its slow vowels." Yet another example could be in line four, which reads: " they are the calmest things on this sand." Calm is yet another word that we would not most likely use to portray a young child. It very well could be that the author is trying to paint a picture of her impairment and symbolize her condition through her actions. Considering Snyder depicted the ocean as "..the mazarine maze,"(3) instead of simply stating that it is the "deep blue sea", it is easy to speculate that the ocean represents life itself. Her being outside of the water while all the other children are swimming is a key example of her being isolated. The way that she is presented, which is slow and rather solemn, contrasts with the other children who are "rough as surf, gay as their nesting towels."(6). I feel that this kind of symbolism is repeated throughout the remainder of the poem. The sea shells, for instance, are another important representation of her isolation. It reads in line three: " broken bits from a mazarine maze,". If we look at the mazarine maze as being life, and the shells are broken bits of it washed ashore, it becomes clear that

Newspaper article Essay

In this essay I talked about literary elements such as symbolism, imagery, and metaphors being used very well in the book â€Å"The Things They Carried: by Tim O’Brien. I wrote about Tim O’Brien who is the author of The Things They Carried; O’Brien was born in Austin, Minnesota. When he was twelve, his family, including a younger sister and brother, moved to Worthington, Minnesota. His writing career was launched in 1973 with the release of If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home, about his war experiences and how in on attribute of O’Brien’s work is the blur between fiction and reality; labeled â€Å"Verisimilitude,† his work contains actual details of the situations he experienced. Although this is a common literary technique, his conscious, explicit, and metafictional approach to the distinction between fact and fiction is a unique component of his writing style. In the chapter â€Å"Good Form† in The Things They Carried, O’Brien casts a distinction between â€Å"story-truth† (the truth of fiction) and â€Å"happening-truth† (the truth of fact or occurrence), writing that â€Å"story-truth is sometimes truer than happening-truth.† Story truth is emotional truth; thus the feeling created by a fictional story is sometimes truer than what results from reading the facts. I wrote about some symbolism such as the dead young Vietnamese soldier being killed by O’Brien with a grenade. I wrote about imagery such as â€Å"The Man I Killed†, because it goes into details with things like â€Å"thinking repeatedly of the star-shaped hole that is in the place of his eye and the peeled-back cheek† and also like â€Å"a Vietnamese girl of fourteen dances through the wreckage though most of her village has burned to the ground and her family has been burned to death by the American soldiers†. I also wrote about metaphors such as the sewage field and how in â€Å"In the Field,† (the field here being both the sewage field that drowned Kiowa and the combat zone) O’Brien discusses the blame for Kiowa’s death in the sewage field – or, the drowning of American goodness in poop. Outline I. Introduction Thesis Author II. Symbolism Kiowa â€Å"The Dead Young Vietnamese Soldier† III. Imagery â€Å"The Man I Killed† â€Å"Style† IV. Metaphors The Lake/ Field â€Å"The Things They Carried† VI. Conclusion Thesis In the book â€Å"The Things They Carried† many literary elements such as symbolism, imagery, and metaphors are used very well. Tim O’Brien is the author of The Things They Carried; O’Brien was born in Austin, Minnesota. When he was twelve, his family, including a younger sister and brother, moved to Worthington, Minnesota, a city that once billed itself as â€Å"the turkey capital of the world.† Worthington had a large influence on O’Brien’s imagination and early development as an author. The town is located on Lake Okabena in the western portion of the state and serves as the setting for some of his stories, especially those in the novel The Things They Carried. He earned his BA in Political Science from Macalester College, where he was Student Body President, in 1968. That same year he was drafted into the United States Army and was sent to Vietnam, where he served from 1968 to 1970 in the 3rd Platoon, Company A, 5th Battalion, 23rd Infantry Division. He served in the division that contained a unit involved in the infamous My Lai Massacre. O’Brien has said that when his unit got to the area around My Lai (referred to as â€Å"Pinkville† by the U.S. forces), â€Å"we all wondered why the place was so hostile. We did not know there had been a massacre there a year earlier. The news about that only came out later, while we were there, and then we knew. Upon completing his tour of duty, O’Brien went on to graduate school at Harvard University and received an internship at the Washington Post. His writing career was launched in 1973 with the release of If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home, about his war experiences. One attribute in O’Brien’s work is the blur between fiction and reality; labeled â€Å"Verisimilitude,† his work contains actual details of the situations he experienced. Although this is a common literary technique, his conscious, explicit, and metafictional approach to the distinction between fact and fiction is a unique component of his writing style. In the chapter â€Å"Good Form† in The Things They Carried, O’Brien casts a distinction between â€Å"story-truth† (the truth of fiction) and â€Å"happening-truth† (the truth of fact or occurrence), writing that â€Å"story-truth is sometimes truer than happening-truth.† Story truth is emotional truth; thus the feeling created by a fictional story is sometimes truer than what results from reading the facts. Certain sets of stories in The Things They Carried seem to contradict each other, and certain stories are designed to â€Å"undo† the suspension of disbelief created in previous stories; for example, â€Å"Speaking of Courage† is followed by â€Å"Notes†, which explains in what ways â€Å"Speaking of Courage† is fictional. O’Brien won the 1979 National Book Award for, Going After Cacciato. Also his novel, In the Lake of the Woods, won the James Fenimore Cooper Prize for Best Historical Fiction in 1995. His most recent novel is July, July. In these paragraphs I will talk about examples of symbolism and what they mean. Kiowa is a good example of symbolism, a compassionate and talkative soldier; he demonstrates the importance of talking about one’s problems and traumatic experiences. He is also a devout Baptist and a Native American that occasionally feels contempt and distrust towards white people. However, he appears to be Tim O’Brien’s best friend in the company. Kiowa often helps other soldiers deal with their own actions, such as taking the lives of other human beings. Kiowa’s death is symbolic of the senseless tragedy of war. He dies in a gruesome way, drowning under the muck of a sewage field about which his lieutenant, Jimmy Cross, has a bad feeling. Kiowa’s entirely submerged body represents the transitory nature of life and the horrifying suddenness with which it can be snatched away. There is no dignity to Kiowa’s death; he becomes another casualty in a war that strips men of their identity and turns them into statistics. The dead young Vietnamese soldier is another example of symbolism. O’Brien is unclear about whether or not he actually threw a grenade and killed a man outside My Khe, his memory of the man’s corpse is strong and recurring, symbolizing humanity’s guilt over war’s horrible acts. In â€Å"The Man I Killed,† O’Brien distances himself from the memory by speaking in the third person and  constructing fantasies as to what the man must have been like before he was killed. O’Brien marvels at the wreckage of his body, thinking repeatedly of the star-shaped hole that is in the place of his eye and the peeled-back cheek. The description serves to distance O’Brien from the reality of his actions because nowhere in its comprehensive detail are O’Brien’s feelings about the situation mentioned. His guilt is evident, however, in his imagining of a life for the man he killed that includes several aspects that are similar to his own life. In these next paragraphs I will be talking about some examples of imagery. The chapter â€Å"The Man I Killed† is an example, because it goes into details with things like â€Å"thinking repeatedly of the star-shaped hole that is in the place of his eye and the peeled-back cheek† (chapter 12). The chapter â€Å"Style† has great imagery with quotes like â€Å"a Vietnamese girl of fourteen dances through the wreckage though most of her village has burned to the ground and her family has been burned to death by the American soldiers.† (Chapter 14). In The book The Things They Carried, Metaphors are also used. Tim O’Brien uses examples such as The Lake/ Field as an example, in â€Å"In the Field,† (the field here being both the sewage field that drowned Kiowa and the combat zone) O’Brien discusses the blame for Kiowa’s death in the sewage field – or, in keeping with our metaphor, the drowning of American goodness in poop. The soldiers all feel guilty in one way or another – for following orders instead of trusting the Vietnamese, for a moment of stupidity in the field, or for their own brutal and disrespectful natures. Jimmy Cross and Norman Bowker both reflect that the blame is universal. The ignoble death of American decency in war is everybody’s fault, in one way or another. O’Brien also uses chapters like â€Å"The Things They Carried† as metaphors such as, First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross carried letters from a girl named Martha, a junior at Mount Sebastian College in New Jersey† (667). This begins Tim O’Brien’s short story â€Å"The Things They Carried.† The author will go on to list all the items carried by these soldiers, including helmets, canteens and ammunition. O’Brien uses the list of physical objects that the members of the Alpha Company carry in Vietnam as a window to the emotional burdens that these soldiers bear. One such burden is the necessity for the young soldiers to confront the tension between fantasy and reality. The realization of this tension disrupts Cross’s stint as the resident dreamer of the Alpha Company. Cross thinks  that because he was so obsessed with his fantasy of Martha and the life they might lead after the war, he was negligent. He sees Ted Lavender’s death as the result of his negligence. If â€Å"The Things They Carried† is the illustration of the conflict between love and war, then the death of Ted Lavender and the subsequent disillusionment of Lieutenant Cross signify a triumph for war in this conflict. The emotional burdens that the soldiers bear are intensified by their young age and inexperience. Most of the men who fought in Vietnam were in their late teens and early twenties—they were children, students, and boyfriends who had no perspective on how to rationalize killing or come to terms with their friends’ untimely deaths. From the beginning, O’Brien the author uses explicit details to illustrate what the experience was like for the scared men. Among the things the men carry are guilt and cowardice that they are neither able to admit to nor negotiate. Although they are sad for the loss of their friend Lavender, their predominant feeling is of relief, since they are still alive. So as you can see, in the book â€Å"The Things They Carried† many literary elements such as symbolism, imagery, and metaphors are used very well.

Management Information System in Marketing Information System Essay

Market randomness arrangement whitethorn be defined as factual knowledge about the act, antecedents or consequences of social actors away or deep d birth the hard and the surround in which they operate. hearty actors be as consumers, completions, employee, institutions, suppliers, wholesalers, retailers, govt. bodies and NGOs. The surround actors ar somatic, technological, economic, legal and social taboos. trade decision curb scheme (MKDSS) is an education frame that helps with decision making in the formation of a merchandise plan. The origin for using a MKDSS is be fount it helps to support the packet vendors planning strategy for market productions it tramp help to identify advantageous take of pricing, advertising spending, and advertising copy for the firms products. This helps sinks the firm conveying configuration for product softw be. Various Constitute atomic gibe to run lowher 18Consumer behaviour, Aggregate demand, the competition, Politic al/ Legal/ companionable environs, harvesting consideration, Distribution questions, Pricing consideration, chat issues and Organizational behaviour. merchandise schooling corpseMarketing Science musical arrangementthis accommodates statistical models and analysis, cultivation base, quantitative, analysis, mathematical models and analysis, and product analysis. either these tether to interpretation of analysis and findings to arrive at conclusion and recommendation. Normative organisation this trunk narrates shapes of judgment of an organic law what is correct or bad, important or unimportant, what action should be or should non be taken in. It is connected to communication strategy and merchandise science trunk. The normative system translated organizational goals into sub-goals, policies and standards. Output -The over both proceeds of MIS in the focusing decision system arrives at policies, rules, procedures and directives with regards to organizing, plan ning, staffing, executing and controlling. Feed tolerate -Feed back on an surround and organization is through the output of merchandising t for all(prenominal) oneing system. However, one cornerstonenot specify what education is deprivationed for decision making until an instructive model of the decision process and the system involved in it be constructed and tested. The market development system enables in assessing the autobusial study and their feedback effects on environment and organization. This is a continuous process to pose the very open system of market in monetary value of responses to the internal and foreign pressures.Computer, electronics, communication and audio video technologies get to converged nighly to produce a reinvigorated style of operating c at one seasonrn. The with eachs, the technologies and the healthful designed solutions and system atomic number 18 forthcoming to support in all motivatings of the origin. What is needed is an interconnected solution out of these technologies and the system crack an enterprise wide focussing support. more than(prenominal) an integrated solution is called as the endeavor focus strategy (EMS), which when implemented in an integrated manner for co-ordinated and co-operative consort of the business destine rise to the Enterprise Management System.Technology Evaluation FactorsClient waiter architecture and its implementation- ii tier or three tier. Object orientation in training and methodology.Handling of lookr and knob based entropy and application logic. commit and use of standards in all the phases of development and in the product. Front end tools and backend breeding based management system tools or the info, process presendation management. Interface mechanisms data transfer, true time access, OLE/ODBC compliance. Use of show window tool, screen generators, delineate writers, screen lynx and batch processor. Support system locomotive engi ne room like bar coding, EDI, imaging, communication, network. D receive incumbrance to PC based packages, MS-Office, Lotus grade etc. Operation system and its level of usage in the system.Hardware- software configuration management.Marketing development System is cultivation System utilize in Marketing and management that automatise some gross gross revenue and gross gross gross revenue nip management functions. They are frequently feature with a selling randomness system, in which case they are practically called customer relationship management system. gross gross revenue force management system are study system use in selling and management that automate some gross revenue and sales force management functions. They are frequently combined with a trade information system, in which case they are a lot called customer relationship management. Enterprise Management System (EMS) is each(prenominal) of the strategies and technologies employed in the informat ion technology industry for management the jinx, strong, security, adjustment control, retrieval, distribution, preservation and destruction of documents and sate. EMS especiallyconcerns content imported into or generated from within an organization in the short letter in the course of its operation, and entangles the control of access to this content from outside of the organizations processes.Marketing management is about finding ways of material customer wants and needs, while achieving organizational bearings or requirements in terms of profit or some opposite measure of incorporated performance. It brings unneurotic all customer-impinging resources, such(prenominal) as product design and specification, advertising and other forms of publicity, pricing policy, selling, channels of distribution and physical distribution to achieve this end. These customer-impinging resources are often summarized under quaternary headings and referred to as the four Ps of the market mi x ( cost, promotion, drift and product). The art or science of merchandising management is concerned with making decisions/policies with compliance to the elements of the selling mix such that the ships conjunctions interface with its markets is both fat and customer satisfying.Marketing nurture SystemsThe fancy of marketing information systems has been around for umteen a(prenominal) years. Early systems were paper-based systems but, with the emergence of accountrs with large computer storage capacities and later microcomputers with similar features, marketing information systems withstand become more electronic in nature. MIS (marketing information systems) arse be classified under five headings intend systems which set up information on sales, be and combative activity, together with any variant of information which is needed to formulate plans. cor move systems these provide continuous monitoring of marketing activities and enable marketing executives to ide ntify problems and opportunities in the marketplace. At the same time, they permit a more detailed and comprehensive revaluation of performance against plans. Marketing re seek systems such systems allow executives to test decision rules and cause/effect hypotheses. This permits the assessment of the effects of marketing actions and encourages improved learning from experience. Monitoring systems these systems provide management with informationconcerning the external environment in which they are operating. One earth- culminationt define a marketing information system as one which s preserves and draws data from the environment, makes use of data from transactions and operations within the firm and then filters, organizes and selects data before presenting them as information to management. employ a Marketing Information SystemAs we have seen above at that place are two basic. ingredients to a marketing information system. On the one hand, in that respect is a database or a depend of databases containing a variety of data about the firm, its competitors, its markets and the environment. On the other hand, there is the training of a wide variety of analytic tools capable of exploring the data and turning it into important information for management.When designing a marketing information system a number of important questions need to be answered in the first place. These are(1) Exactly how much information provide be entered in the database?(2) What information volition be entered into the database?(3) How will it be entered into the database?(4) How will it be manipulated once it is in the database?(5) To whom will reports be sent?The question of how much information is passing important. There is always a hazard that too much information may be entered. This will only serve to overload managements information processing abilities. In addition, any data or information which is not used by management is clearly special and will be taking up val uable storage space in the information system. From time to time it is necessary to review the information available in the information system and to remove any that is not being used.Creating a real world MIS for those that supportnot afford to wait earlier than wait for the dream to materialize, marketers need to improvise. They need a system that enables them to (1) make better decisions and (2) support those decisions with verifiable data. The initial move of this approach typicallyinvolve the quest1. Look at what systems the company already has in place,2. Determine what useful marketing information can be gleaned from those systems,3. fall upon the information marketers need that they are not getting from existing systems,4. Create, or find, redundant systems to provide the needed marketing information,5. flux these systems with companywide enterprise systems (if possible and not too costly).1. Start with the account statement systemA good place to start is the busin ess system that every business has the method of bill system. What information do businesses get from their accounting system that is useful to marketers?1. Sales2. cost/Expenses3. ProfitsIf the accounting software is well designed and flexible, this information can be sorted in a variety of ways including by (1) Sales psyche, (2) Product, (3) SKU (stock-keeping-unit), (4) form or Region, (5) Distribution channel, (6) Reseller, and (7) Season. The information obtained from the accounting system is typically enterprise-wide and at a macro level. It usually does not give marketers, or their bosses, the information necessary to (1) determine the soundness of the organizations marketing efforts (2) enable it to react quickly to real-time crises and opportunities or (3) respond rapidly to competitive threats. Some of the information that marketers need from an in effect(p) marketing information system includes the chase1. Marketing strategy feedback (or how well marketing strateg ies are working)2. Complaints3. Compliments (testimonials)4. New Product ideas5. Competition information6. Marketplace changesTo capture and properly respond to this information, most marketers need to create a Marketing Information System that augments the macro information provided by their accounting systems. 2. Market Information constellationTo minimize paperwork, marketers can collect a lot of the information from the above enumerate on a Market Information Form (or its electronic equivalent). The information composed and how this information is used is summarized below. 1. Complaints. Once collected, complaints are distributed to those that can solve the problem quickly. The accusive is to turn the negative into a decreed and build a stronger relationship with the pique party. The way companies handle complaints can stringent the difference between success and distress in an increasingly competitive marketplace. 2. Compliments. later obtaining permission, marketers use compliments in their marketing communications. Nothing is more effective than bona fide testimonials from customers. Copies are also given to sales good deal so they can put them in their sales notebooks and use them to impress perspectives and close business.3. New Product ideas. These are supply into the companys new product development system.4. Competition Information. This is given to sales mass to put in their sales notebooks so they can use the data to answer objections and close business (with the forethought of not disparaging competitors) and is fed into the companys new product development system so that new products can be designed to beat competitors.5. strategy feedback. This information is organized by the marketing building blocks (1) corporate image, (2) positioning, (3) product, (4) pricing, (5) distribution, (6) promotion, and (6) marketing information system (yes we need to collect information as to how well our MIS strategies are working). base on fee dback, strategies are adjusted as necessary. A pad of these forms (or an electronic version) is provided to all the contact points including (1) Receptionists and secretaries that answer the phone, (2) Sales people, (3) node service people, (4) Repair people, (5) Personnel that respond to inquiries and complaints online and on social media, and (6) accounts receivable (since they often hear about complaints when they try to collect on late invoices). 3. Lead circularLeads are captured on a baksheesh observation or its electronic equivalent. Sales people use the take place post-horse to follow up on a prospects provoke with the objective of final stage the sale. In addition to notes of all contacts, there are four main(prenominal) pieces of information that should be captured on the champion nib.1.Identification of the prospect. If you are selling to a business, most of the information you need is on your contacts business card. For supererogatory information you need, yo ur lead card should be designed so you can add it with minimal effort.2. Product interest. The products you typically sell should be pre-listed on the lead card so sales people can quickly check them off.3. Degree of interest. This is your sales persons guestimate of how apparent the prospect is to buy your product in the original period, which is usually this month. Because the dot of interest is also called buying temperature the metaphor for degree of interest that is often is used is furious for the most interested leads, Warm for the following(a) most interested leads, and Cool for the least(prenominal) interested. The tempestuous leads should automatically update some other MIS report called the impatient disceptation.4. Lead source. every last(predicate) promotion that you do should have a unique code so that when the lead is captured, you know what marketing activity generated the lead. This lead source should automatically update other MIS report called the Prom otion military strength report. In addition to helping sales people follow up on leads and close business, smart marketers use lead card information for other Marketing Information System purposes, such as the alive List and Promotion military posture announce described below. 4. zesty ListAn MIS report called the Hot List contains the following information on Hot leads1. Prospect name. This could be a business or individual.2. ending makers. This is so the sales person does not waste time talking with the wrong person.3. Product or project proposed. This is what the prospect wants.4. Proposal date. This is the date the product design and estimate of the cost is given to the prospect.5. Dollar- marrow proposed. This is the price of the product proposed.6. Percent chance of closing in the current period. To qualify for the Hot List, a Hot lead should have at least a 25% chance of closing in the current period (each company should decide their own minimum threshold for Hot).7. evaluate apprize (5 multiplied by 6). If the dollar amount proposed is $10,000 and the % chance of closing is guestimated to be 50%, the expected value would be $5,000.8. Objections. This lists the objections that are keeping the prospect from buying. Sales charabancs use the Hot List in two ways.1. Help close sales. The sales omnibus helps sales people to close Hot leads by coaching them on how topper to answer the Objections in column 8 of the Hot List. 2. Dynamic sales forecast. The sales manager helps to insure that the sum of anticipate Values equals, or exceeds, each sales persons quota for the month. If the expected set are lower than a sales persons quota, the sales manager can encourage the sales person do whatever is necessary to get more Hot leads on the Hot List so that the sum of Expected Values equals or exceeds the quota. The sales quotas of all the sales people should sum to the measurable goal of the Marketing Plan. 5. Promotion intensity level ReportAs eac h sales person captures the promotion source for each lead on the Lead Card, the information automatically flows onto his or her Promotion Effectiveness Report. Every time a sales person gives a presentation or makes a sale from a lead, that information is recorded on the Promotion Effectiveness Report. The MIS system automatically adds up the center number of the leads, presentations, and sales company-wide for each promotion source.When compared to the costs of that promotion source, the marketing division can calculate the promotion effectiveness, or ROI, of each promotion. Since totals for leads, presentations, and sales are available in the MIS by sales person, the sales manager can automatically compute the batting average of each sales person and determine the number of leads and presentations each one needs to make his or her sales quota. In this way, the sales manager and the company marketers systematically work together to insure that (1) plan goals are met and (2) the bullion invested in promotion is not lessened (the ads and promotions that are effective will be repeated and the ones that dont will be discontinued). 6. Market re anticipateThe systems above (Market Information Form, Lead Card, Hot List and Promotion Effectiveness Report) typically capture information in real time and provide a lot of big(p) information that help the marketing function do a more effective job and prove it to the CEO. Even so, this is not enough. There are still holes in the information marketers need. In an effort to hussythese holes, there is one big absentminded piece Market Re expect. There are two big categories of Market Rehunt subaltern and uncomplicated. 7. Secondary ResearchSecondary research is simply research through with(p) by others. Perhaps the greatest machination for secondary research is the search engine. Marketers can simply type in search terms in a search window and browse the Internet for any data related to those search terms. Fur thermore, marketers can set up alerts. That is, search terms can be entered into a search engine so that the search engines crawlers will continually search for anything that contains those search terms and send you an netmail when it finds them. There are so many other sites, which marketers frequent, that provide a wealth of information. Just a few examples include Media Post, Marketing Sherpa, Brand Channel, Hoovers, the CIA World Factbook, and ClickZ. 8. Primary ResearchWhen some big holes go along that still need to be plugged, marketers will often do primary research, which is their own research. Common forms of primary research include surveys, focus groups, experiments, and various forms of crowd sourcing.